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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Special Senses > Flashcards

A & P - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the purpose of the special senses?

A

to bring information about external environment to CNS

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2
Q

what is the main function of the eye?

A

to detect visible light in the form of colour

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3
Q

what is the conjunctiva of the eye?

A

lines inner surface of eyelid and covers outer surface of the eye

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4
Q

what keeps the conjunctiva moist and clean?

A

lacrimal glands continually produce tears

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5
Q

name the two filled cavities of the eyeball, what are they separated by?

A

anterior
posterior
separated by lens

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6
Q

name the three layers of the eyeball wall, inner to outer

A

neural
vascular
fibrous

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7
Q

in what layer of the eye are the sclera and cornea?

A

fibrous tunic

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8
Q

what are the sclera and the cornea and where in the eye are they located?

A

sclera - white of eye, around the side of eye

cornea - transparent layer that covers iris and pupil

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9
Q

what is the function of the sclera and cornea?

A

protection of eye and attachment for muscles

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10
Q

what does the vascular tunic of the eye consist of?

A

iris
cilliary body
choriod

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11
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A

pigmented area containing smooth muscle fibres that contracted to change diameter of pupil

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12
Q

what is the function of the cilliary body?

A

thickened area containing suspensory ligaments that hold lens

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13
Q

what is the function of the choroid?

A

contains capillary network

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14
Q

what is contained in the neural tunic or retina?

A

photoreceptors - rods & cones

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15
Q

what is the function of the rods and cones?

A

rods - work in dim light, many

cones - require more light, provide colour vision, fewer

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16
Q

what is used to view the retina?

A

opthalmoscope

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17
Q

what is the fovea centralis?

A

only cones
focused light
used for looking directly at an object

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18
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye and blood vessels enter/leave.
no photoreceptors
blind spot

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19
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy?

A

over accumulation of glucose leads to damage of retinal vessels. leads to oedema and swelling of the macula - blurred vision

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20
Q

what is the posterior cavity filled with and why?

A 
vitreous humour (jelly-like)
maintains pressure within eye
keeps space for eyeball
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21
Q

what does the anterior cavity consist of?

A

anterior and posterior chambers - separated by iris

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22
Q

what does the anterior cavity contain?

A

aqueous humour - replaced every 90 mins

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23
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

form of blindness - due to increased intraocular pressure caused by build up of aqueous humour - in turn putting pressure on retina and optic nerve

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24
Q

where in the eye is light focused?

A

retina
cornea
lens
humours

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25
Q

how are action potentials transmitted from the eye to the brain?

A

light strikes retina

action potential transmitted along optic nerve to occipital cortex in brain

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26
Q

where do the two optic nerves connect?

A

optic chiasma

27
Q

where do axons from the optic chiasm pass to?

A

visual cortex in occipital lobe

28
Q

what is another function of the ear besides hearing?

A

balance

29
Q

name the three parts of the ear

A

external
middle
inner

30
Q

name the three areas of the external ear

A

auricle
tympanic membrane
external acoustic (auditory) meatus

31
Q

what is the function of the auricle?

A

supported by cartilage

collects sound waves

32
Q

what is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

separates external and middle ear

sound waves cause eardrum to vibrate

33
Q

what is the function of the external acoustic (auditory) meatus?

A

passageway extending through temporal bone to eardrum
glands produce cerumen (wax)
hairs in canal and wax trap foreign objects, protecting tympanic membrane

34
Q

what separates the middle and inner ear?

A

oval and round windows

35
Q

name the 3 auditory ossicles in the middle ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

36
Q

what is the function of the auditory ossicles?

A

to transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window

37
Q

how many times larger is the tympanic membrane than the oval window, what effect does this have?

A

20 times

force of vibration is increased by x20

38
Q

what connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube (auditory tube)

39
Q

what is otitis media?

A

middle ear infection

infection spreads from nasopharynx up the auditory tube, if sever pus build up can rupture tympanic membrane

40
Q

what does the inner ear consist of?

A

series of interconnecting bony, fluid filled channels in temporal bone

41
Q

what is the cochlear concerned with?

A

hearing

42
Q

what are the vestibular and semi-circular canals concerned with?

A

balance

43
Q

what transmits impulses from the inner ear to the brain?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

44
Q

how is sound transmited through the ear?

A

sound waves collect in auricle
sound waves hit tympanic membrane
vibration transmitted and amplified through ossicles
vibration of stapes on oval window causes fluid in cochlea to vibrate
vibrations stimulate spiral organ triggering AP

45
Q

where does the information from the cochlea go?

A

primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

46
Q

name two types of hearing impairment

A

conductive

sensorineural

47
Q

what is a conductive hearing impairment?

A

deficiency in transmitting sound waves form outer to inner ear

48
Q

what is a sensorineural hearing impairment?

A

involves spinal organ, neural pathway or primary auditory pathway

49
Q

which parts of the ear are concerned with balance?

A

vestibule - static equilibrium

semi-circular canals - kinetic equilibrium

50
Q

what does the vestibule consist of?

A

utricle

saccule

51
Q

how are action potential transmitted from the vestibule and the semi-circular canals?

A

via vestibulocochlar nerve to brainstem

52
Q

what causes motion sickness?

A

continual stimulation of semi circular canals

53
Q

what is the sense of smell?

A

response to airbourne molecules (odorants)

54
Q

what does the olfactory system consist of?

A

olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerve (CNI)
olfactory bulb and tract

55
Q

describe the process of smelling

A
  1. odorant enter nasal cavity
  2. presented to receptor protein on olfactory epithelium
  3. olfactory nerve stimulated
  4. info transmitted to olfactory cortex
56
Q

what is anosmia?

A

inability to smell - can be congenital or acquired

57
Q

where are taste buds located?

A

tongue
soft palette
pharynx
epiglottis

58
Q

how many taste cells does each bud contain?

A

40

59
Q

describe a taste cell

A

each has ting hair-like projections.

sensory receptors of taste hair

60
Q

list the 5 tastes

A 
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umani
61
Q

name the areas of the tongue which are most sensitive to certain tastes.

A

front - sweet
sides - sour
back - bitter

62
Q

describe the process of tasting

A
  1. tastants bind to receptors on taste hairs
  2. action potential initiated in sensory neuron
  3. sensory axons (facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus nerves)transmit AP
  4. info transmitted to taste cortex in partial lobe
63
Q

name three types of taste loss

A

ageusia - total loss
hypogeusia - partial loss
dysgeusia - distortion or alteration of taste

64
Q

what can cause taste loss?

A

neurological damage
side effects of drugs
endocrine disorder
radiation therapy

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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