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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - reproductive systems > Flashcards

A & P - reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

introduce male gamete to female repro. tract
produce androgens
production, storage and nourishment of male gametes

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2
Q

what does the male reproductive system consist of?

A 
testes
scrotum
ducts
glands
penis
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3
Q

name the 3 ducts of the male reproductive system

A

epididymal duct
vas (ductus) deferens
urethra

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4
Q

name 3 glands of the male reproductive system

A

bulbourethral
seminal vesicles
prostate

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5
Q

what are the dimensions of the testes?

A

4cm long x 2.5cm diameter

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6
Q

what separates the 2 compartments of the scrotum?

A

scrotal septum

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7
Q

what is the raphe?

A

median ridge which separates scrotum externally

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8
Q

what is each testis suspended by?

A

spermatic cord

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9
Q

what does the spermatic cord pass through?

A

inguinal canal - diagonally form/to abdominal cavity

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10
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A 
vas (ductus) deferens
testicular artery
cremasteric artey
cremaster muscle
testicular venous plexus
lymph vessels
nerves
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11
Q

how many lobules does each testis have?

A

300

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12
Q

what divides the testis into lobules?

A

tunica albuginea

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13
Q

how many seminiferous tubules does each lobule in testis contain?

A

1 to 4

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14
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

creation of spermatozoa

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16
Q

what forms the walls of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells

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17
Q

what is the function of the sertoli cells?

A

secrete nutrients for spermatozoa

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18
Q

what are in the wall of the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogenic cells

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19
Q

where in the wall of the seminiferous tubule are mature cells most likely to be?

A

near lumen - ready to be released

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20
Q

what is mitosis?

A

division of a parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells

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21
Q

what is meiosis?

A

occurs in germ cells to produce gamete - number of chromosomes reduced to 23 pairs

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22
Q

what is spermiogensis?

A

converts spermatids to spermatozoa

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23
Q

when does meiosis I occur in males?

A

at puberty

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24
Q

how many spermatids are created from 1 germ cell?

A

4

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25
Q

describe the structure of spermatozoa

A

head - nucleus (DNA), acrosome (enzymes)
middle piece - mitochondria (power)
tail - flagellum (movement)

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26
Q

what are sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules needed for?

A

maturation of spermatozoa - support & nourish
release spermatozoa into lumen
produce fluid to transport spermatozoa

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27
Q

what are leydig cells in seminiferous tubules needed for?

A

secretion of androgenic steroids (eg. testosterone)

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28
Q

what is the blood-testis barrier in seminiferous tubules needed for?

A

to stop blood and sperm cells mixing - could cause immune response

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29
Q

what do sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules secrete?

A

inhibin
androgen binding protein
mullerian-inhibiting substance

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30
Q

what is the structure of the sertoli cell?

A

tall columnar polymorphic cells

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31
Q

what temperature do the testes need to be?

A

35c

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32
Q

which muscle draws the testes closer to the body?

A

cremaster muscle

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33
Q

which muscle is used to decrease surface area of the testes by wrinkling skin?

A

dartos muscle

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34
Q

where does heat exchange take place to cool the testes?

A

pampiniform plexus (venous plexus)

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35
Q

secretions from the leydig cells in seminiferous tubules causes what to develop?

A

the secondary sexual characteristics (eg. public hair)

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36
Q

where are spermatozoa matured?

A

in the tail of epididymus

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37
Q

name the ducts which join the seminiferous tubules to the urethra

A 
straight seminiferous tubules
rete testis
epididymal duct
vas (ductus) deferens
ejaculatory duct
ureathra
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38
Q

describe the structure of the vas deferens

A

45cm long fibromuscular tube.

a narrow lumen surrounded by thick muscle

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39
Q

what are the functions of the vas deferens?

A

stores and conveys spermatozoa

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40
Q

how does the vas deferens enter the abdominal cavity?

A

through inguinal canal

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41
Q

describe the route the vas deferens takes

A

medial to ureter and superior, then posterior to bladder

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42
Q

what is the dilated terminal end of the vas deferens called?

A

ampulla

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43
Q

how are spermatozoa expelled from vas deferens?

A

peristalsis

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44
Q

what are stereocilia? and what is their function?

A

microvilli in the vas deferens which absorb dead/damaged sperm

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45
Q

where is the vas deferens cut in a vasectomy?

A

near epididymis

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46
Q

name the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbo-urethral

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47
Q

describe the structure of the seminal vesicle

A

convoluted muscular gland
5cm long
posterior to bladder
joins vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct

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48
Q

what does the seminal vesicle secrete?

A

alkaline- nutrients (fructose) containing secretion

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49
Q

what volume of the semen does the secretion from the seminal vesicles account for?

A

60%

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50
Q

describe the structure of the prostate gland

A

4cm x 3cm x 2cm
inferior to bladder
surrounds prostatic urethra

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51
Q

what is the function of secretion from the prostate gland and what volume do they account for in semen?

A

assist sperm motility

25% of semen volume

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52
Q

what is the name for an enlarged prostate?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

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53
Q

what are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

increase frequency of urination
nocturia urgency
hesitancy
weak stream

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54
Q

what are the treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

alpha androgenic blockers - Alfuzosin

5-alpha reductase inhibitor - Finasteride

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55
Q

what is prostatitis?

A

inflammation of the prostate - acute (bacterial) or chronic (unknown)

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56
Q

what are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

painful urination and ejaculation

discomfort in pelvis

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57
Q

what are the treatments of prostatitis?

A

antibiotics

alpha inhibitors

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58
Q

what test can be performed to diagnosis prostate cancer?

A

prostate - specific antigen blood test

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59
Q

why does prostate cancer often metastasize?

A

its connected to the venous plexus

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60
Q

describe the structure of the bulbo-urethral glands

A

1cm in diameter
lined by mucus secreting epithelium
produced mucus like secretion during arousal
neutralises urine residue

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61
Q

describe the structure of the urethra

A

20cm long

3 parts: prostatic part, membranous part, spongy part

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62
Q

name 3 regions of the penis

A

root, shaft, glans penis

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63
Q

where does the bulb of the penis attach?

A

inferior to the surface of urogenital membrane - becomes corpus spongiosum

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64
Q

where does the crura of the penis attach

A

roof of the penis to pubic arch - becomes corpus cavernosa

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65
Q

what is the shaft of the penis bound by?

A

tunica albugina

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66
Q

what forms the glans penis?

A

tip of corpus spongiosum

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67
Q

what partially covers the glans penis and urethral orifice?

A

prepuce

68
Q

what causes the arteries to dilate during an erection?

A

parasympathetic impulses

69
Q

what do the endothelium cells in the penis produce during an erection?

A

nitric oxide - causes smooth muscle to relax

70
Q

what impulses cause ejaculation?

A

sympathetic impulses

71
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle in the penis allows secretions from where?

A

epididymal duct
vas deferens
prostate
seminal vesicles

72
Q

what is emission in relation to the penis?

A

small amount of seminal fluid released before ejaculation

73
Q

what causes ejaculation?

A

contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle (also compresses urethra)

74
Q

what is the inguinal canal a pathway for?

A

descending testes

75
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

when testes don’t descend

76
Q

when do testes usually descend?

A

7-8months of pregnancy

77
Q

what is an inguinal hernia?

A

a weakness in the wall of the inguinal canal causes by descend of testes
also caused by intra abdominal pressure

78
Q

how much semen is there in each ejaculation?

A

2-5ml

79
Q

how many sperm are present per ml of semen?

A

20-100 million

80
Q

how much of the volume of each ejaculate is sperm?

A

less than 1%

81
Q

what does semen consist of?

A

sperm
seminal fluid
enzymes

82
Q

what is oligospermia?

A

low sperm count

83
Q

name the external genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

mons pubis
labia
clitoris

84
Q

name the internal genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

85
Q

describe the structure of the ovary

A

4cm x 2cm x 1cm

lies on surface of broad ligament

86
Q

how is the ovary attached to the abdominal wall

A

by the suspensory ligament

87
Q

what attaches the ovaries to the uterus?

A

ligament of ovary

88
Q

what is the broad ligament made of?

A

peritoneum

89
Q

the uterus is sandwiched between two layers of what?

A

broad ligament

90
Q

what is the outer most layer of the ovary?

A

germinal epithelium

91
Q

what is the inner most layer of the ovary?

A

cortex - ovarian follicles and stromal cells

92
Q

what enters the ovary at the hilum?

A

neurovascular supply
autonomic nerve fibres - from ovarian plexus
lymphatic drainage
ovarian arteries

93
Q

when does mitosis of sperm begin?

A

in puberty

94
Q

when does mitosis of ovum complete?

A

in foetal life

95
Q

when does meiosis of ovum begin and complete?

A

begins in foetal life but only complete if ovum is released during an ovulation cycle

96
Q

when does meiosis II complete in females?

A

only if the ovum is fertilised

97
Q

name the 4 parts of the fallopian tube

A

infundibulum - closest to ovary
ampulla
isthmus
intramural segment - continuous with wall of uterus

98
Q

describe the functions of the fallopian tubes

A

convey oocyte from peritoneal cavity to uterus

convey spermatozoa to fertilisation site

99
Q

where is the oocyte usually fertilised?

A

ampulla

100
Q

describe the structure of the fallopian tube

A 
10cm long
highly convoluted interior
muscular tube
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
secretory cells
101
Q

what are fimbriae?

A

finger like projections at the ovary end of the fallopian tube - produce currents

102
Q

how does the oocyte move along the fallopian tube?

A

cilia and peristalsis

103
Q

when does fertilisation usually occur?

A

24hrs post ovulation - 3-4 days for egg to move through fallopian tube

104
Q

describe the structure of the uterus

A

inverted pear

7.5cm x 5cm x 2.5cm

105
Q

describe the position of the uterus

A

flattened antero-posteriorly
superior to bladder
tilted (anteverted) and bent (anteflexed) anteriorly

106
Q

which ligament attaches the uterus to the sacrum?

A

utero-sacral

107
Q

which ligament attaches the uterus to the cavity?

A

cardinal

108
Q

which ligament attaches the cervix to pubic mound?

A

pubo-cervical fascia

109
Q

name the 3 parts of the uterus

A

fundus
body
cervix

110
Q

which pouch in the abdominal cavity is the lowest point?

A

rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

111
Q

name the pouches of the abdominal cavity

A

rectouterine

vesicouterine

112
Q

what occurs in the functional zone of the uterus?

A 
structure changes dramatically through cycle
shed monthly (28 days)
113
Q

what occurs in the basal zone of the uterus?

A

not shed

provides cellular reserve for re-growth of functional layer

114
Q

name the 2 areas of the cervix

A

endocervix

ectocervix - continuous with vagina

115
Q

where in the cervix does the epithelium change?

A

squamo-columnar junction

116
Q

what happens to the position of the cervix at puberty?

A

it moves inferiorly into vagina

117
Q

what is the transformation zone in the cervix?

A

area where columnar may change to squamous epithelium

118
Q

how long does the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle last?

A

between days 1 and 5 - spiral arteries constrict, functional layer sloughed off

119
Q

on which days of the menstrual cycle does the proliferative phase occur?

A

days 6 - 14 - oestrogen controlled, build up of tissue and glands

120
Q

on which days of the menstrual cycle does the secretory phase occur?

A

days 15 -28 - progesterone controlled, glands enlarged, spiral arteries coil

121
Q

what is metaplasia relating to the cervix?

A

change of one cell type to another

122
Q

what are the characteristics of carcinoma?

A

dense, dark, irregular cells

123
Q

what is dyplasia relating to the cervix?

A

cells which are beginning to look abnormal

124
Q

describe the structure of the vagina

A

8cm long
fibromuscular tube
lined with stratified squamous epithelium
mucosa arranged in rugae

125
Q

why is the vagina acidic?

A

decomposition of glycogen

126
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

fatty pad over pubic symphysis

127
Q

what are the labia majora?

A

prominent skin folds

128
Q

what are the labia minora?

A

skin enclosing urethral and vaginal orifices

meet at clitoris and fourchette

129
Q

what is an episiotomy?

A

mediolateral incision from fourchette

130
Q

what is the function of the pelvic floor?

A

support pelvic contents

131
Q

what does the pelvic floor form?

A

roof of perineum

132
Q

what muscles make up the pelvic floor?

A

coccygeus and levator ani muscles

133
Q

what does the mammary gland consist of?

A

adipose tissue
glandular tissue
fibrous tissue

134
Q

during pregnancy progesterone stimulates what in the mammary glands?

A

secretory alveoli

135
Q

Prolactin released from the anterior pituitary does what in the mammary glands?

A

stimulates alveoli cells to synthesis milk proteins and lipids

136
Q

oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary gland stimulates what in the mammary glands?

A

ejection of milk with help from myoepithelial cells contracting

137
Q

name some lymph nodes in the mammary gland

A

apical lymph node
central lymph node
subscapular lymph node
pectoral lymph node

138
Q

what functions does hormonal control play in the female reproductive system?

A

control menstrual cycle
controls ovulation
prepares uterus for implantation

139
Q

which cells secrete follicular fluid?

A

granulosa cells

140
Q

what is a follicle?

A

ovum and follicular cells

141
Q

what is the function of FSH in the female reproductive system?

A
  • stimulates growth and development of follicles
  • promotes ovaries to secrete oestrogen - stimulates LH receptors on granulosa cells
  • promotes secretion of inhibin by ovaries (this inhibits FSH)
142
Q

what can’t happen without LH surge in the female reproductive system??

A

ovulation

143
Q

what is the function of LH in the female reproductive system?

A

induce ovulation

formation of corpus luteum

144
Q

how is the follicle released from the ovary?

A
  • increased LH increases collagenase activity (this digested collagen fibres surrounding follicle)
  • prostaglandin levels increase (cause contraction of ovary wall)
145
Q

how is the corpus luteum formed?

A

after follicle ruptures releasing oocyte it collapses and granulosa cells invade area.

146
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone to maintain pregnancy

147
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation of oocyte does not occur?

A

degrades around 12hrs post ovulation
progesterone and oestrogen levels fall
fibroblasts invade CL (corpus albicans)
disintegration marks end of ovarian cycle

148
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation of oocyte does occur?

A

future placenta tissue secretes hCG
hCG maintain CL
after 2 months oestrogen and progesterone level maintain pregnancy without CL

149
Q

what is the function of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

A

prepares for pregnancy
glands coil in endometrium and accumulate glycogen
spiral arteries grow towards surface
cervical mucus thickens

150
Q

how does the combined pill work?

A

progestin (mimics progesterone) and oestrogen - feeds back to inhibit LH and GnRH

151
Q

what is the average age of menopause?

A

52yrs

152
Q

why does menstruation cease in menopause?

A

decreased oestrogen levels

153
Q

what are then risks of using HRT?

A

increased thromboembolism and ovarian cancer

154
Q

what is the pH of the vagina?

A

4.3

155
Q

what is the pH of the cervix?

A

6-6.5

156
Q

how does the semen protect the sperm from the hostile environment of the vagina?

A

it has a buffering effect -( increasing the pH to 7.2 within 10secs)

157
Q

cervical mucus is not readily penetrable, how does the sperm get through?

A

the water content of cervical mucus increases in days 9-16.

158
Q

where does the head of the spermatozoa bind to during fertilisation?

A

zona pellucida

159
Q

what is polyspermy and how is it prevented during fertilisation?

A

more than one sperm fertilising the ovum.

rapid depolarisation stops other sperm entering ovum

160
Q

how many cells are present in the ovum 5 days post fertilisation and what are the cells called?

A

107 cells

blastocyst

161
Q

what are the inner cells f the blastocyst called?

A

embryoblast

162
Q

what are the outer cells f the blastocyst called?

A

trophoblast - form placenta

163
Q

when does implantation of the blastocyst occur?

A

8 days post fertilisation

164
Q

where does the blastocyst implant?

A

within the stroma

165
Q

name different types of ectopic pregnancy

A 
abdominal 
tubal (isthmic or ampullar)
infundibular
ovarian
interstitial
cervical

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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