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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Endocrine system > Flashcards

A & P - Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

name some examples of homeostatic regulation that the endocrine system is involved in

A

water / electrolyte balance
blood pressure
body temp.

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3
Q

how does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

A

using chemicals (hormones)

  • proteins/peptides
  • steroids
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4
Q

does the endocrine system quicker or slower than the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

A

slower

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5
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical substance produced by the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs

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6
Q

name three hormone groups

A

peptide (amino acid based)
steroid
amine (amino acid based)

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7
Q

describe how a peptide hormones works

A

binds with membrane receptors

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8
Q

how do steroid hormones work?

A

bind with the cytoplasmic / nuclear receptors

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9
Q

how do amine hormones work?

A

similar to steroids - activate transcription of specific genes

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10
Q

what do exocrine and endocrine glands have in common?

A

both synthesise and store chemical messengers

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11
Q

which glands have no ducts?

A

endocrine

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12
Q

where do exocrine and endocrine glands release their hormones?

A

exo - surface of epithelium

end - into blood

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13
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

regulation - maintaining homeostasis

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14
Q

which releasing hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A 
TRH - Thyrotropin releasing hormone
PRF - prolactin releasing factor
PRIF - prolactin release inhibiting factor
CRH - Corticotropin-releasing hormone 
GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing
GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
SS - somatostatin
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15
Q

what is the hypothalamus the link between?

A

the endocrine and the nervous system

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16
Q

which hormones are stimulated in the anterior pituitary by the releasing hormones secreted from the hypothalamus?

A 
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
PRL - prolactin
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 
LH - luteinising hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
hGH - human growth hormone
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17
Q

where are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland located?

A

brain

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18
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located?

A

4 - neck

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19
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of kidneys

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20
Q

which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?

A

TRH - thyroid stimulating hormone

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21
Q

what is needed to stimulate T3 and T4 production?

A

iodine

22
Q

what is the position of the thyroid gland?

A

sits below Adam’s apple

23
Q

which hormone group do T3 and T4 belong to?

A

amine

24
Q

where are the T3 and T4 receptors found in the cell?

A

nucleus
mitochondria - gene expression- increases ATP production
cytoplasm

25
Q

what are the functional outcomes for T3 and T4?

A

increased:
metabolic rate
temp.
HR / resp. rate

26
Q

what do the C cells in the thyroid gland produce?

A

calcitonin

27
Q

what does calcitonin do and how?

A

lowers calcium and phosphate levels in blood by decreasing amount released from bones and increasing excretion by kidneys

28
Q

what does thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulate?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

29
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

A

stimulates breakdown of thyroglobulin into T3 and T4.

30
Q

what is thyroglobulin the precursor of?

A

T3 and T4

31
Q

what is T4 and what is its structure ?

A

thyroxine - has 4 iodide ions

32
Q

what is T3 and what is its structure ?

A

tri - iodothyronine - has 3 iodide ions

33
Q

what happens to T4 at the tissue site?

A

it converts to T3 (90%)

34
Q

where is the optic chiasm?

A

above anterior pituitary gland

35
Q

what travels to the anterior pituitary to release hormones?

A

blood vessels

36
Q

what travels to the posterior pituitary to release hormones?

A

nerves

37
Q

what does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

medulla - adrenaline / noradrenaline

cortex - steroid hormones (minerocorticoids and glucocorticoids)

38
Q

what does the pancreas secretes?

A

insulin - decreases blood glucose levels

glucagon - increases blood glucose levels

39
Q

which hormones use the cAMP mechanism?

A 
adrenaline / Noradrenaline
ADH
ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH
PTH
Calcitonin
Glucagon
40
Q

how is Adenylate cyclase activated in peptide hormone action?

A

cAMP acts as 2nd messenger

opens ion channels and activates enzymes

41
Q

what is the action of a minerocorticoid?

A

alters the sodium balance

42
Q

give an example of a minerocorticoid

A

aldosterone

43
Q

where is aldosterone released from?

A

adrenal cortex

44
Q

how does aldosterone work?

A

increases osmolality of blood by causing Na+ (sodium) reabsorption from distal convoluted tubule and medullary collecting ducts in the kidney

45
Q

what is a paracrine response?

A

hormone effect restricted to local environment

46
Q

what is an autocrine response?

A

self stimulation through cellular production of hormone

47
Q

name some other tissues that are not ‘classic’ endocrine glands but do secrete hormones

A 
heart - ANP
kidney - EPO, calcidiol
brain - BNP
small intestine - CCK, secretin
pineal gland - melatonin
parathyroid gland - PTH
placenta - hCG
thymus - thymosin
48
Q

name some things that the endocrine and the nervous system both use

A

chemicals - hormones / neurotransmitters

adrenaline

49
Q

how does the response of the endocrine system differ to that of the nervous system/

A

endocrine is slower and acts over long distances but the nervous system is faster and acts over short distances

50
Q

what is the hormonal role of adrenaline / Noradrenaline?

A

released by sympathetic nervous system and by adrenal medulla

51
Q

what is the neural role of adrenaline / Noradrenaline?

A

released by autonomic nervous system as a neurotransmitter

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