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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

A & P - Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

name the three blood vascular systems

A

systemic
pulmonary
lymphatic

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2
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

deliver gases, nutrients and hormones to cells

removes waste products

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3
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

blood - suspends substances
circulatory systems
the heart - pump

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4
Q

which direction does the blood travel in blood vascular systems?

A

away from heart via arteries and returns via veins

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5
Q

what connects arteries and veins and what function does it serve?

A

capillaries - site of gas and nutrient exchange

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6
Q

what does the systemic circulation do?

A

delivers blood to most body tissues

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7
Q

describe how blood travels around the systemic system and where it is oxygen rich and low

A

oxygen rich blood travels from left of heart and returns low in oxygen to the right side

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8
Q

the systemic circulation is a high pressure system?

A

true

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9
Q

what is the arterial pulse?

A

heart rate

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10
Q

where would you take the arterial pulse?

A

where a superficial artery can be pressed against bone

  • carotid
  • radial
  • ulna
  • facial
  • temporal
  • dorsalis pedis
  • posterior tibial
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11
Q

describe how blood travels around the pulmonary circulation

A

delivers low oxygen blood from right side of heart to lungs, returns oxygen rich blood to left side of heart

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12
Q

the pulmonary circulation is a low pressure system?

A

true

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13
Q

name the three layers of the blood vessel, inner to outer

A

tunica intima - endothelium
tunica media - muscle layer
tunica externa - connective tissue

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14
Q

what is the function of a blood vessel?

A

to endure changes in pressure
move with surrounding structures
remain open under all conditions

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15
Q

name the three vessels of the blood vascular system

A

arteries
microcirculation
veins

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16
Q

name three types of artery an it function

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

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17
Q

name two types of microcirculation vessels

A

venules

capillaries - continuous, fenestrated or sinusoid

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18
Q

where can elastic arteries be found?

A

aorta
brachiocephalic
common carotid

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19
Q

how does the structure of elastic arteries help its function?

A

thick tunica media with elastic fibres helps withstand continuous changes in pressure

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20
Q

how does the structure of muscular arteries help their function and where are they found?

A

lots of smooth muscle in tunica media and thick tunica externa helps distribute blood to muscles and organs.
most named arteries are muscular arteries

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21
Q

how does the structure of arterioles help their function?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media make arterioles capable of vasoconstriction/dilation

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22
Q

where would fenestrated capillaries be found?

A

kidneys

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23
Q

where would sinusoid capillaries be found?

A

liver

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24
Q

what is a capillary bed supplied by?

A

metarteriole

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25
Q

how many capillaries does a metarteriole contain?

A

1-10

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26
Q

what is the function of a metarteriole?

A

connect arterioles with venules

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27
Q

what controls the flow of blood to individual capillary beds?

A

precapillary sphincter

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28
Q

what forms a direct connection between arterioles and venules?

A

arteriovenous anastomoses

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29
Q

what is the function of the arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

to bypass the capillary bed and divert blood flow to venous circulation

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30
Q

what is the function of venules?

A

to collect blood from capillary beds and deliver to small veins

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31
Q

describe three properties of veins

A

thin walled
easily distensible
holds 54% of total blood volume

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32
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

network of lymph vessels
lymph
lymphatic tissue and organs

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33
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

involved in body’s defence mechanism

provides drainage of interstitial fluid

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34
Q

fluid moves in and out of the capillary but how much fluid remains in the interstitial space?

A

app. 15%

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35
Q

what happens to the excess fluid left in the interstitial space?

A

enters the lymphatic system via the lymphatic capillary

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36
Q

what happens if the drainage of fluid by the lymphatic system isn’t working properly?

A

oedema

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37
Q

what is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

to filter fluid - pick up foreign bodies to produce immune response

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38
Q

which areas of the body drain into the right lymphatic duct?

A

right side of head and right upper limb

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39
Q

which vein does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

right subclavian vein

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40
Q

which vein does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

left subclavian vein

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41
Q

where is the heart located?

A

between 2nd and 5th ribs, in the thorax

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42
Q

name the two types of pericardium which surround the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

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43
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium do and what is its structure?

A

inelastic sac of dense connective tissue around heart

prevents overfill

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44
Q

what is the serous pericardium do and what is its structure?

A

2 layers - parietal and visceral - separated by pericardial cavity (contains fluid)
prevents friction

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45
Q

name the three layers of the heart from inner to outer

A

endocardium - endothelium
myocardium - cardiac muscle
epicardium - visceral pericardium

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46
Q

name the four heart valves

A

pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
tricuspid (right AV) valve
bicuspid (mitral/left AV) valve

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47
Q

how are the atrioventricular valves opened?

A

by blood flowing from the atria to ventricles

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48
Q

how are the atrioventricular valves anchored to the papillary muscles and why?

A

cordae tendinae - to prevent eversion of valves during ventricular contraction

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49
Q

how are the semilunar valves opened?

A

by blood being pushed from ventricles

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50
Q

how are the semilunar valves closed?

A

blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk backflows during ventricular relaxation pushing cusps shut

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51
Q

do semi lunar valves have cordae tendinae?

A

no

52
Q

which side of the heart pumps blood from the lungs to the systemic circulation? is the blood rich or low in oxygen?

A

left

oxygen rich

53
Q

which side of the heart pumps blood from the systemic circulation to the lungs? is the blood oxygen rich or poor?

A

right

oxygen poor

54
Q

what does the coronary circulation supply?

A

the outside of the heart - allows it to contract

55
Q

how much blood does the coronary circulation receive per minute?

A

250ml/min

56
Q

when is the blood supplied to the myocardium?

A

during ventricular relaxation

57
Q

what is the position of the left coronary artery (LCA) ?

A

anterior interventricular and circumflex

58
Q

what is the position of the right coronary artery (RCA) ?

A

marginal artery

posterior interventricular

59
Q

where do most cardiac veins drain into?

A

coronary sinus then right atrium

60
Q

where does the anterior cardiac vein drain into?

A

directly into right atrium

61
Q

how are cardiac cells interconnected?

A

by intercalated discs containing gap junctions

62
Q

what are the function of gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells?

A

to promote coordinated contraction

63
Q

cardiac cells act as a functional syncytium, what does this mean?

A

the cells function as one - contract together

64
Q

is cardiac muscle auto-rhythmic?

A

yes - it contracts on its own

65
Q

what is the function of the conducting system in the heart?

A

coordinates heart contraction

66
Q

what does the conducting system in the heart consist of?

A

non- contractile cells that initiate electrical impulses

67
Q

name 5 areas of the conducting system

A
  • sinoartrial (SA) node
  • artrioventricular (AV) node
  • AV bundle (bundle of His)
  • right and left bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres
68
Q

what is the function of the SA node?

A

sets rhythm of heart

69
Q

describe the contraction of the heart

A

SA node spontaneously reaches threshold
impulse spreads through atria
impulse passes through remainder of heart via conducting system

70
Q

what modifies the rate of the heart?

A

ANS (would be 100b/p/m but modified to 60-80b/p/m

71
Q

on an electrocardiogram what does the P wave represent?

A

depolarisation of atria (contracting phase)

72
Q

on an electrocardiogram what does the QRS complex represent?

A

depolarisation of ventricles (contracting phase)

73
Q

on an electrocardiogram what does the T wave represent?

A

repolarisation of ventricles (relaxed phase)

74
Q

describe two differences between foetal circulation and post birth circulation

A

oxygen and nutrients via placenta and umbilical cord

lungs need bypassing as not functional

75
Q

name the 3 circulatory shortcuts in foetal circulation

A

ductus venosus
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus

76
Q

what is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

to connect the umbical vein to the inferior vena cava

77
Q

what is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

connects the right and left atria

78
Q

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

connects the pulmonary artery to the arch of aorta - by passing lungs

79
Q

what causes the foramen ovale to close at birth?

A

pressure increases in systemic circulation on left side of heart
pressure falls in pulmonary circulation on right side of heart forcing formen ovale closed

80
Q

why does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

fall in pressure in pulmonary trunk

81
Q

what happens when the umbicial vessels close?

A

rise in pressure in aorta

82
Q

explain the events of the cardiac cycle during one heart beat

A
  1. ventricular filling (passive)
  2. ventricular filling (atrial systole)
  3. isovolumetric contraction
  4. ventricular ejection
  5. isovolumetric relaxation
83
Q

what happens during the 1st stage in the cardiac cycle ventricular filling (passive)?

A

atria and ventricles relaxed
AV valves open
semilunar valves shut
blood flows into atria through AV valves into ventricles

84
Q

what happens during the 2nd stage in the cardiac cycle ventricular filling (atrial systole)?

A

atria contract forcing blood into ventricles

85
Q

what is the diastolic volume at the end of the 2nd stage in the cardiac cycle?

A

~ 130ml

86
Q

what happens during the 3rd stage in the cardiac cycle isovolumetric contraction?

A

atria relax, ventricle contract
AV and semilunar valves closed
blood volume in ventricles unchanged

87
Q

what does the closure of the AV valve produce?

A

1st heart sound - lubb

88
Q

what happens during the 4th stage in the cardiac cycle ventricular ejection?

A

ventricular pressure exceeds aortic and pulmonary pressure - force semilunar valves open
blood forced into aorta and pulmonary trunk

89
Q

what is the systolic volume at the end of the 4th stage in the cardiac cycle?

A

~ 60ml

90
Q

what happens during the 5th stage in the cardiac cycle isovolumetric relaxation?

A

ventricles relax
semilunar valves close
AV valve remains closed
volume in ventricle unchanged

91
Q

what does the closure of the semilunar valve in the 5th stage of the cardiac cycle produce?

A

2nd heart sound - dubb

92
Q

what is the cardiac output and how is it measured?

A

volume of blood expelled by heart per minute

cardiac output = stroke volume * heart rate
CO= SV * HR

93
Q

how do you calculate the stroke volume?

A

use the diastolic volume minus the systolic volume to get the stroke volume
eg. 130-60 = 70ml/b (SV)

94
Q

name three things that affects the stroke volume

A

degree of stretch in myocytes (preload)
forcefulness of contraction (contractility)
pressure required to eject blood (afterload)

95
Q

what determines the preload?

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

96
Q

what is end diastolic volume determined by?

A

venous return (VR)

97
Q

what is venous return determined by?

A

volume of circulating blood

98
Q

what aids venous return?

A

pressure gradient between veins and heart
respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump
gravity

99
Q

what increases forcefulness of contraction in the heart?

A

noradrenaline
adrenaline
hypercalcaemia

100
Q

what reduces forcefulness of contraction in the heart?

A

hyperkalaemia
hypocalcaemia
myocardial hypoxia
myocardial hypercapnia

101
Q

why must the pressure in the ventricles be higher than in the arteries?

A

to open semilunar valves

102
Q

what are the average resting heart rates for a newborn, young adult and adult?

A

newborn - ~ 120bpm
YA - ~ 64 - 80 bpm
A - ~ 60 bpm

103
Q

if an adults resting heart rate was above 100bpm what would they be suffering from?

A

tachycardia

104
Q

if an adults resting heart rate was below 60bpm what would they be suffering from?

A

bardycardia

105
Q

where is the heart rate modified? what would it be without modification?

A

cardiac centre - medulla oblongata

SA node spontaneously fires at 100bpm

106
Q

what does the cardioaccelerator centre do to the heart rate?

A

send sympathetic impulses to increase firing rate at SA node

also increase force of contraction in cardiac muscle

107
Q

what does the cardioinhibitory centre do to the heart rate?

A

sends parasympathetic impulses via vagus nerve to reduce firing rate at SA node

108
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

109
Q

what is systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

A

max pressure when ventricles contract (~120mmHg)

110
Q

what is diasystolic blood pressure (DBP)?

A

max pressure when ventricles relax (~80mmHg)

111
Q

how do you work out the pulse pressure?

A

SBP - DBP (~40mmHg)

112
Q

how do you work out mean arterial pressure?

A

DBP + 1/3 of pulse pressure

eg. 80+ 40/3 = 93mmHg

113
Q

what is used to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

114
Q

when would you be suffering from hypertension?

A

chronic resting BP above 140/90mmHg

115
Q

when would you be suffering from hypotension?

A

chronic low resting BP

116
Q

how is blood pressure calculated?

A

BP = cardiac output * total peripheral resistance (TPR)

(stroke rate HR)

117
Q

what determines total peripheral resistance?

A

viscosity - stable
vessel length - unchanged
vessel radius - TPR adjusted by altering vessel radius

118
Q

what system controls vessel radius?

A

sympathetic nervous system

119
Q

in what state are the blood vessels usually maintained in by the SNS?

A

partial vasoconstriction (sympathetic tone)

120
Q

which area of the SNS controls vessel radius?

A

vasomotor in medulla oblongata

121
Q

name three controls of blood pressure

A

local control
short term control - neutral
long term control - hormonal

122
Q

what happens during local control of blood pressure

A

autoregulation - ability of tissue to regulate own blood supply

123
Q

which substances control local control of blood pressure and what role do they play?

A

metabolites - stimulate vasodilation
vasoactive chemicals - stimulate vasodilation
endothelins - stimulate vascoconstriction

124
Q

name two baroreceptors involved in short term control of blood pressure

A

carotid sinus

aortic sinus

125
Q

name three cardiovascular centres which are involved in short term blood pressure control and what they do

A

vasomotor centre - vasoconstriction to increase TPR
cardiac accelerator centre - increase HR and force of contraction
cardiac inhibitory centre - reduce HR

126
Q

explain the response of the baroreceptors to increased BP

A

-increased firing to cardiac and vasomotor
increased PNS activity, reduced HR
-inhibits cardioaccelerator, reduces SNS activity, reduce HR and vasodilation

127
Q

explain the response of the baroreceptors to decreased BP

A

reduced firing rate to cardiac and vasomotor centres

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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