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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Immune system > Flashcards

A & P - Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an epitope?

A

the part of an antigen recognised by the immune system

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2
Q

what is the function of the immune system?

A

distinguishes the ‘host’ from everything foreign and protects against infection

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3
Q

what structures does the immune system recognise?

A

MAMPS - microbe-associated molecular patterns

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4
Q

describe innate immunity

A

targets - groups of pathogens
speed - rapid
no memory developed

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5
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A

targets - specific pathogens
speed - slow
memory to pathogens developed

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6
Q

describe the step involved in establishing an infection

A
  1. transmission of bacteria
  2. entry into body and colonisation
  3. obtain nutrients for growth
  4. evade host immune defences
  5. effects of host
  6. host response
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7
Q

what is lymphatic fluid and what is its function?

A

fluid containing white blood cells that helps rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials

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8
Q

how is lymphatic fluid moved around the body?

A

arm/leg muscles
respiratory muscles
rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in lymphatic wall

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9
Q

name two types of cell associated with the immune system

A

lymphocytes

granulocytes

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10
Q

which cells are produced from lymphocytes?

A

B cells - plasma / memory cells
T cells - Th / Tc cells
natural killer cells

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11
Q

which cells are produced from granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes - dendritic cell / macrophage

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12
Q

what is the first stage of innate immunity?

A

physical barriers

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13
Q

what are the physical barriers of the skin against bacteria?

A

antimicrobials (sweat, sebum) - lactoferin
low pH
commensal bacteria
shedding

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14
Q

what are the physical barriers of the genitourinary tract against bacteria?

A

washing in urine
vaginal secretions
urine acidity
lysosome

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15
Q

what are the physical barriers of the gastrointestinal tract against bacteria?

A 
stomach acidity
intestinal pH
normal flora
mechanical flushing
lysosomes
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16
Q

were are lysozymes found and why are they an important physical barrier it bacteria?

A

secretions - tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus

damage bacterial cell wall

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17
Q

lactoferrin is a protein found in tears and sweat, how does it help innate immunity?

A

protein binds to iron making it unavailable to bacteria

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18
Q

name the tissues of the immune system

A 
thymus
spleen
bone marrow
lymph nodes
lymphatic's
blood
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19
Q

name the molecules of the immune system

A

complement
inflammatory mediators (cell signalling molecules) - chemokines / cytokines
enzymes - lysozymes

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20
Q

name a cytokine important to innate immunity

A

interferon

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21
Q

describe the action of interferon

A
  1. virus infected cell produces interferon (IFN)
  2. IFN acts internally to protect infected cell
  3. IFN also secreted from cell - binds to nearby cells to trigger anti-viral response
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22
Q

what processes are used by the innate immune system to protect the body?

A

physical / chemical barriers
antimicrobial factors
specialised cells - phagocytes / natural killer cells
inflammation / fever

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23
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

white blood cells and tissue dwelling cells - able to recognise and kill infected cells

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24
Q

what are phagocytes?

A

‘eating cells’ - white blood cells and tissue dwelling cells able to ingest and kill microbes

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25
Q

name three types of phagocytes and where they are found

A

monocytes - blood
tissue macrophages
neutrophils - blood

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26
Q

name three polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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27
Q

which cells are the first to arrive at an infection site?

A

polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

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28
Q

describe polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

A

non-dividing, short lived <1day
multi-lobed nuclei
granule - chemical attack

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29
Q

what are eosinophils particularly good at targeting?

A

parasitic infection

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30
Q

why is inflammation an important part of the innate immune system?

A

local response helps to clear infection but wide spread response may lead to septic shock / death

31
Q

what are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A 
erythema (redness)
heat
swelling / oedema
pain
possible loss of function
32
Q

describe the stages of the inflammatory / fever response

A
  1. tissue damaged, chemokines, cytokines, histamine released
  2. vasodilation - increased permeability of blood vessels
  3. neutrophils leak through blood vessel wall
  4. migration of inflammatory cells and clotting factors
33
Q

what role does inflammation play in innate immunity?

A

vasodilation / increased permeability of blood vessels
accumulation of blood
leakage of clotting factors / clot formation
movement of neutrophils / macrophages - engulf microbes
death of phagocytes - pus produced
initiation of tissue repair

34
Q

what role does fever play in innate immunity?

A

triggered by toxins / cytokines
high temp triggered by resetting hypothalamic thermostat
inhibits bacteria growth
speeds up enzyme reactions aiding repair

35
Q

describe the timeframes of innate and adaptive immunity

A

innate - immediate (0-4hrs) preformed mediators
innate - early (4-96hrs) recruitment of innate immune cells
adaptive - late (>96hrs)

36
Q

what are three characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

memory
specificity
discrimination between self and non-self

37
Q

which cells belong to the adaptive immune system?

A

lymphocytes

38
Q

the adaptive immune system uses two methods, what are these and which cells are involved?

A

antibody mediated immunity - B cells

cell mediated immunity - T cells

39
Q

describe how a B cell is activated

A
  1. cell surface receptor recognises pathogen
  2. memory cells created which recognise pathogen in future
  3. initial B cell then differentiates to form plasma cell which produces specific antibodies for pathogen
40
Q

describe how T cells are activated

A
  1. pre-cells all with different surface receptors
  2. antigen activates one cell with component for infecting antigen
  3. activated cell proliferates to form memory cells
  4. effector cells also produced which directly attack antigen
41
Q

what is another name for an antibody?

A

immunoglobulin

42
Q

what is the Fab region of the immunoglobulin for?

A

area which binds to the antigen

43
Q

what does the Fc region of the immunoglobulin determine?

A

the type of antibody - eg. IgA, IgG, IgM

44
Q

what happens at the variable region of the immunoglobulin?

A

differs in amino acid sequence to recognise different microbes

45
Q

what does the flexible hinge region of the immunoglobulin allow for?

A

the antibody can adjust to accommodate for variable distances between antigen binding sites

46
Q

name the 5 classes of antibody

A 
IgM
IgA
IgG
IgE
IgD
47
Q

what are the function of antibodies IgM and IgG?

A

IgM - 1st produced, blood antibody, fixes complement, acts as B cell receptor
IgG - blood and tissue antibody, fixes complement, binds phagocytes, neutralises toxins

48
Q

what are the function of antibodies IgA, IgD and IgE?

A

IgA - secretory antibody, breast milk, protection of mucosa
IgD - membrane receptor
IgE - binds to mast cells and basophils, important in parasitic infection

49
Q

name three ways in which antibodies protect from infection

A
  1. block binding od pathogen and toxins
  2. facilitate phagocytosis by macrophage / neutrophil
  3. kill bacteria by activating complement
50
Q

how do antibodies block binding of pathogens and toxins?

A

antibodies form complexes with the pathogen/toxin - the antibody complex is then ingested by phagocytes

51
Q

how do antibodies facilitate phagocytosis?

A

antibody forms a cell surface receptor on the macrophage or neutrophil which fits the antigen, enabling it to be phagocytised

52
Q

what is a complement?

A

group of blood borne proteins activated after binding to antibody covered antigens

53
Q

how does the antibody kill bacteria by activating the complement?

A

complement is activated by antibody on surface of antigen
when activated complement causes lysis of microbe
complement releases cytokines when bacteria binds
punches holes in bacteria
coats bacteria (opsonisation) for phagocytosis

54
Q

in what ways do antibodies contribution the host resistance?

A

neutralises toxins
extracellular lysis of bacteria (complement)
facilitates internalisation for intracellular killing
expulsion of parasites via inflammatory response

55
Q

what is Bruton’s disease?

A

X-linked hypogammaglobinaemia

56
Q

what are the causes of Bruton’s disease?

A

failure of B cells to mature
absence of circulating B cells
reduced or absent immunoglobulins

57
Q

what are the symptoms of Bruton’s disease?

A

failure to clear infection

recurrent respiratory/middle ear/skin infections

58
Q

what are the functions of T lymphocytes?

A

kills virus infected cell (Tc (cytotoxic) cells)
resistance against intracelluer pathogens
activates macrophage
helps antibody response (Th cells)
immunoregulatory function

59
Q

what do T cells receptors do?

A

recognise antigens bound to molecules (MHC) on surface of cell

60
Q

where are MHC molecules found?

A

MHC I - on nucleated cell

MHC II - on antigen-presenting cell (APC)

61
Q

name the two types of T cell

A

Tc (cytotoxic or killer) CD8

Th (helper) CD4

62
Q

which MHC presents antigens to CD8 T cells?

A

MHC I

63
Q

MHC I presents antigens of which origin?

A

intracellular

64
Q

MHC II presents antigens of which origin?

A

extracellular

65
Q

which MHC do the CD4 T cells deal with?

A

MHC II

66
Q

what happens the cell when a MHC I presents the antigen to the CD8 T- cell?

A

the cell is destroyed

67
Q

what happens the cell when a MHC II presents the antigen to the CD4 T- cell?

A

the CD4 T cell differentiates into effector T-cells

68
Q

when the CD4 T cell differentiates what could follow?

A

helps B cells become plasma cells
helps CD8 cells become cytotoxic
activates macrophage

69
Q

what disease occurs if the lymphocyte precursor cell isn’t present?

A

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

70
Q

what are the symptoms of SCID?

A 
failure to thrive
viral gastroenteritis
viral chest infection
parasitic infection
bacterial septicaemia
fungal urinary infection
71
Q

what disease occurs if the T lymphocyte precursor or pre T cells are absent or decreased in number or function?

A

Di George Syndrome

72
Q

what are the symptoms of Di George Syndrome?

A 
variable antibody function
IgM - normal to low
IgG - low to absent
increased susceptibility to viral, fungal and protozoan infections 
congenital development disorder
73
Q

what happens if mature T lymphocytes are depleted?

A

HIV infection leading to AIDS

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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