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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Nervous System > Flashcards

A & P - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

name the structures associated with the central and peripheral nervous system

A

Central - brain and spinal cord

peripheral - cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

name the functions of the somatic nervous system

A

motor - skeletal muscle
sensory - pain, temp, touch, pressure, proprioception
special senses

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3
Q

name the two arms of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

what is the function of a neurone?

A

relays info between CNS and PNS or other body systems

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5
Q

what is a nerve and what is its function?

A

a bundle of axons which carries info to and from the CNS and the rest of the body

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6
Q

how many cranial nerves are there and where do they arise from?

A

12 pairs

brain

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7
Q

how many spinal nerves are there and where do they arise from?

A

31 pairs

spinal cord

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8
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay station for sensory information

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9
Q

where are the thalamus and hypothalamus found?

A

diencephalon

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10
Q

what is the function of the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

integrating centre for information

hormone secretion - temp, hunger, thirst regulation

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11
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordinates movement

maintains balance, posture, muscle tone

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12
Q

name the three areas of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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13
Q

what is the function of the brainstem?

A

vital centres - respiratory and cardiovascular

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14
Q

which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

A

III to XII

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15
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

hormone secretion
integrating centre of ANS
thermoregulation
hunger and thirst centres

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16
Q

what are the sulci of the cerebrum?

A

fissures in the brains surface

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17
Q

what are the gyri of the cerebrum?

A

ridges of the brains surface

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18
Q

what do the connecting fibres in the cerebrum consist of?

A

white matter

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19
Q

what is the basal ganglia of the cerebrum made of?

A

grey matter - nerve cell bodies

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20
Q

name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal
partial
temporal
occipital

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21
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A 
motor cortex
intellect
planning
mood
social judgement
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22
Q

what are the functions of the partial lobe?

A

somatosensory cortex
general sensation
taste

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23
Q

what are the functions of the temporal and occipital lobes?

A

auditory

visual

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24
Q

where in the cerebrum are the post and pre-central gyrus?

A

either side of the central sulcus

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25
Q

what are the functions of the pre and post - central gyrus?

A

pre - primary motor cortex

post - primary sensory cortex

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26
Q

what is the protective layer between the brain and skull called?

A

the meninges

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27
Q

name the three layers of the meninges

A

Pia mater
arachnoid mater
Dura mater

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28
Q

between which layers of the meninges is the subarachnoid space?

A

arachnoid mater and pia mater

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29
Q

what is contained in the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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30
Q

which mater follow the contours of the brain? which do not?

A

pia mater - does

dura mater and arachnoid mater - don’t

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31
Q

what is the structure and function of the ventricular system in the brain?

A

ventricles are interconnecting cambers that produce cerebrospinal fluid

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32
Q

what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

supports and protects brain
acts as shock absorber
keeps brain and spinal cord moist

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33
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid secreted from?

A

choroid plexuses

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34
Q

which arteries supply the brain?

A

internal carotid

vertebral

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35
Q

what could cranial nerves carry?

A

motor fibres
sensory fibres
both

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36
Q

do cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?

A

yes - in 4 pairs

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37
Q

name the cranial nerves in order

A 
I - olfactory (smell)
II - optic (vision)
III - oculomotor (eye movement)
IV - trochlear (look up and down)
V - trigeminal (facial movement)
VI - abducens (look side to side)
VII - facial (taste & smile)
VIII - vestibulocochlear (hearing)
IX - glossopharyngeal (taste & speech)
X - vagus (digestion & heart rate)
XI - accessory (shoulder shrug)
XII - hypoglossal (tongue movement)
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38
Q

name the layers of the spinal meninges, from inner to outer

A

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

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39
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

the tapered end of the spinal cord

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40
Q

what is the cauda equine?

A

where the spinal cord ends and nerves becomes loose like a horses tail

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41
Q

where in the spine would a lumber puncture be performed?

A

below L1 where the spinal cord stops

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42
Q

name the regions of peripheral nerves and the number in each region

A 
cervical - 8
thoracic - 12
lumber - 5
sacral - 5
coccygeal - 1
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43
Q

name a type of single polarised cell

A

epithelial cells

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44
Q

name a highly polarised cell

A

neurone

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45
Q

name the two major types of cell in the nervous system

A

neurons - conduct impulses

glia - support neurons

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46
Q

name three different structure types of neurons

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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47
Q

which is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system?

A

multipolar

48
Q

describe the flow of information through the neuron

A

dendrites to cell body to axon

49
Q

which cells in the nervous system can divide?

A

glia

50
Q

which cells are brain cancers most likely to arise from?

A

glia

51
Q

name 4 types of glia in the CNS and their function

A

astrocytes (astroglia) - waste removal
oligodendrocytes - myelin production
ependymal cells - cerebrospinal fluid production
microglia - immune function

52
Q

name a type of glia in the PNS and their function

A

Schwann cells - myelin production

53
Q

what are the differences and similarities between Ogliodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

both make myelin sheath
Ogliodendrocytes - in CNS / have many axons
Schwann cells - in PNS / have single axon

54
Q

what does grey matter consist of?

A

nerve cell bodies

55
Q

where is grey matter located?

A

brain - outside (cortex / basal nuclei)

spinal cord - inner part

56
Q

where is white matter located?

A

brain - inner part

spinal cord - outer part

57
Q

what does white matter consist of?

A

axons and myelin

58
Q

which two processes do most neurons have?

A

axons

dendrites

59
Q

what do neurons have in common with other cells?

A

has cell body with cytosol and organelles

cell membrane

60
Q

what makes neurons unique to other cells?

A

can’t reproduce

can trigger action potential

61
Q

what can nerve cells communicate with?

A

other nerve cells
muscles
glands

62
Q

where do charged ions want to move to?

A

from an area of high to low concentration

to an area of opposite charge

63
Q

what can stop charged ions from moving along their concentration/charge gradient?

A

channels and pumps can be made to stay closed or forced to work

64
Q

what is the membrane potential?

A

the difference in charge from different ions inside and outside the cell

65
Q

why is a resting cell polarised?

A

the inside is negatively charged and the outside is positively charged

66
Q

which ion is more abundant outside of a resting cell?

A

sodium (Na+)

67
Q

what is there lots of inside a resting cell?

A

protein

68
Q

describe the stimulation of an action potential

A

neuron stimulated
sodium channels open
sodium rushes into cell
cell becomes depolarised (reversal of electrical potential)

69
Q

describe how the cell repolarises following stimulation

A

sodium channels close
potassium channels open
K+ moves out of cell
cell returns to negative state inside cell (repolarisation)

70
Q

are action potentials of a fixed size?

A

yes - all or nothing response

71
Q

if the cell has a greater membrane potential what will the stimulus need to be to trigger an action potential?

A

stimulus needs to be greater (eg. -70mV needs less stimulus than -90mV)

72
Q

what is the function of myelin on the axon?

A

insulates the axon so flow of sodium ions (Na+) can travel quickly

73
Q

what happens if the myelin on the axon is damaged or destroyed?

A

action potential moves slowly down neuron and dissipates more quickly

74
Q

name two types of synapse and the difference between them

A

electrical - cytoplasm of one neuron touches the next

chemical - gap between neuron

75
Q

what enters the presynaptic neuron when an action potential reaches the axon end?

A

calcium - via calcium channels

76
Q

what is calcium needed for in the presynaptic neuron?

A

to form vesicles of neurotransmitter

77
Q

how does the action potential pass from the pre to the post synaptic neuron?

A

the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter which receptors on the postsynaptic neuron detect, opening ion channel to allow sodium to flood in.

78
Q

name 7 neurotransmitters

A 
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
GABA
glutamine
noradrenaline
adrenaline
79
Q

give three alternative names for a sensory neuron

A

afferent
somatic
visceral

80
Q

give three alternative names for a motor neuron

A

efferent
somatic
visceral

81
Q

describe the direction of impulse travel along the afferent and efferent nerve

A

afferent - away from stimulus

efferent - to effector muscle or gland

82
Q

what is the Glasgow Coma scale used for?

A

rapid assessment of consciousness level - checks for correct functioning of nerves

83
Q

outline the Glasgow coma scale scores

A

8 or less - severe
9-12 - moderate
13 or more - mild to normal

84
Q

what happens to the action potential when the spinal cord is severed?

A

action potential can’t move down neurons

85
Q

what happens to the action potential following stroke?

A

brain cell death occurs so action potential not triggered

86
Q

what happens to the brain in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

neurons make too much protein leading to tangling and cell death

87
Q

when is the sympathetic division of the nervous system most active?

A 
4 F's
fight
flight
fright
fuck
88
Q

describe the body’s response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

increased: HR, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, blood sugar levels,
inhibited: GI peristalsis
relaxes airway
pupil dilation
orgasm

89
Q

describe the body’s response to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system

A 
decreased HR
increased GI motility
bronchial constriction
pupil constriction
gastric secretions
90
Q

what does nicotine stimulate?

A

ACh receptors

91
Q

what do nicotinic receptors control?

A

ion channels

92
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

CNS
ANS ganglia
neuromuscular junction

93
Q

does the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system control the ANS?

A

CNS via hypothalamus

94
Q

name the three neural outputs of the CNS

A

somatic motor
sympathetic
parasympathetic

95
Q

describe the pre and post ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system

A

pre - short

post - long

96
Q

describe the pre and post ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

pre - long

post - short

97
Q

what does the ANS innervate?

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
gland cells

98
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies

99
Q

name two classes of acetylcholine receptor

A

nicotinic

muscarinic

100
Q

where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

sympathetic ganglionic synapse

parasympathetic ganglionic synapse

101
Q

where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

parasympathetic post ganglionic synapse

102
Q

which neurotransmitter is used in all preganglionic ANS neurons?

A

acetylcholine

103
Q

which neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system use in the pre and post ganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine - both

104
Q

which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use in the pre and post ganglionic neurons?

A

pre - acetylcholine

post - noradrenaline

105
Q

which receptor is at the preganglionic synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

nicotinic

106
Q

which receptor is at the postganglionic

synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

adrengenic

107
Q

explain how adrenaline and noradrenaline are released in the adrenal medulla

A

acetylcholine acts on nicotinic receptors in the ganglion to release adrenaline and noradrenaline quickly

108
Q

what are muscarinic receptors blocked by?

A

atropine (antagonist belladonna)

109
Q

what are nicotinic receptors blocked by?

A

curare (antagonist)

110
Q

which receptor is at the preganglionic synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

nicotinic

111
Q

which receptor is at the postganglionic synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

muscarinic

112
Q

which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and why?

A

cortisol - in response to stress

113
Q

how does cocaine and amphetamine

affect the sympathetic nervous system?

A

prolongs action of noradrenaline (and serotonin and dopamine

114
Q

what does the enteric division do?

A

controls a lot of food transport and digestion

115
Q

give examples of problems with the ANS

A

orthostatic hypotension (low BP on standing)
inability to sweat/excess sweating
severe constipation
impotence

116
Q

give some examples of reasons why there may be problems with the ANS

A 
diabetes
old age
drug/medication
autoimmune degradation of nerves
spinal injury
brain tumours

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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