Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Blood and haemostasis > Flashcards

A & P - Blood and haemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood composed of?

A

plasma and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which cells can be found in the blood and what are their function?

A

erythrocytes - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
leukocytes - defence immunity
platelets - blood cloting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what would happen if there was a high blood volume?

A

high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name two ways of sampling blood

A

heal/thumb prick

venepuncture - from vein if large amount needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a haematocrit test and what is it used for?

A

blood is centrifuged, good for accessing % of RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how much blood does the average adult have?

A

4-6l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the percentages of each component of blood

A

plasma - 55%
cells - 45%
leukocytes and platelets - 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does blood plasma contain?

A 
water - universal solvent
electrolytes - 90% Na+
hormones
plasma proteins- antibodies, clotting
organic waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name some (3) blood plasma proteins

A

albumin
fibrinogen and clotting factors
globulins (antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name some organic waste products found in blood plasma

A

urea
creatinine
uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is albumin produced and what is its function in blood plasma?

A

liver

influences - BP, flow and fluid balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are fibrinogen, clotting factors and globulins (antibodies) produced?

A

fibrinogen and clotting factors - liver

globulins (antibodies) - plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the formed elements of blood

A 
monocytes
platelets
lymphocytes - large and small
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophil
erythrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the life scan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does an erythrocyte produce from CO2 and water?

A

carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many haemoglobin does a RBC contain?

A

280 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the make up of a haemoglobin

A

1 globin made of 4 polypeptide chains and 4 pigment hemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which area of the haemoglobin does oxygen bind to?

A

the iron ion of the heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

does foetal haemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity to oxygen than adult haemoglobin?

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what value id the haemoglobin concentration of blood measured in?

A

g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a normal RBC count for women and why is it lower than in men?

A

3.8 - 5.8 * 10*12 per litre

periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a normal RBC count for men and why is it higher than in women?

A

4.5 - 6.6 1012 per litre

androgens stimulate RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the formula for normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate for men and women?

A

men - age/2 or lower

women - age+10/2 or lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what would increase the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation?

A

cancer
rheumatoid arthritis
kidney disease
infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

time taken for RBC’s to settle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

name two types of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

name three granulocytes and % found in WBC’s

A

neutrophils - 60-70%
eosinophil - 2-4%
basophils - <1 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

name two agranulocytes and % found in WBC’s

A

lymphocytes - 25-35%

monocytes - 3-8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

name some conditions that neutrophils would control and explain how they do this?

A

bacterial infections
haemorrhage
appendicitis
work by phagcytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

name some conditions that eosinophil’s would control

A

parasitic infections
asthmas
allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

name some conditions that basophil’s would control

A

haemolytic anaemia

chicken pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

name some conditions that lymphocytes would control

A

chronic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

name some conditions that monocytes would control

A

malaria

typhoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the term used to describe an increase in WBC’s?

A

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are platelets formed from?

A

fragments of larger cells called megakarocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the functions of platelets?

A

form a temporary platelet plug
dissolve old blood clots
attract WBC to site of inflammation - to phagocytise bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do platelets secrete?

A

clotting factors
factors for endothelial repair
vasoconstrictors in broken blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the term used for blood cell production?

A

haemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

name two tissues that produce blood cells in the womb

A 
yolk sac (embryo)
liver, spleen (until birth)
41
Q

name two tissues that produce blood cells after birth and say which types are produced

A

red blood marrow - RBC, WBC, platelets

lymphoid tissue - WBC production and maturation

42
Q

what stimulates RBC production in the kidney due to hypoxia?

A

erythropoietin

43
Q

what is the term used for RBC production?

A

erythropoiesis

44
Q

how many RBC are produced per second?

A

2.5 million

45
Q

how many days does it take for a RBC to mature?

A

3-5 days

46
Q

what happens during the maturation of RBC’s?

A

reduce in size
synthesis haemoglobin
lose nucleus

47
Q

what is the name for a young RBC?

A

reticulocyte

48
Q

how and where are RBC recycled?

A

where - liver and spleen
iron stored
heme removed in bile and faeces
globin hydrolysed to free amino acid

49
Q

what is hypoxemia and what are the causes?

A

inadequate O2 transport caused by lung disease, high altitude, exercise, bleeding

50
Q

what is needed for RBC production?

A

iron - absorbed in blood travels to bone marrow, muscle, all cells (liver stores iron)
B12 and folic acid

51
Q

what causes anaemia?

A 
decreased RBC or haemoglobin synthesis
decreased nutrition
increased blood loss
RBC destruction (haemolytic)
RBC deformed (sickle cell)
52
Q

what causes diet induced anaemia?

A

reduced intake of : iron, B12, folic acid

53
Q

what is macrocytic and microcytic anaemia?

A

macro - RBC too large

micro - RBC too small

54
Q

what causes pernicious (microcytic) anaemia?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency

55
Q

what is haemorrhagic (normocytic) anaemia?

A

after haemorrhage

56
Q

what is haemolytic anaemia?

A

malaria

reduced no. RBC

57
Q

what is aplastic anaemia?

A

bone marrow problems

leukaemia

58
Q

what is haemostasis?

A

no bleeding - no thrombosis

balanced interaction of blood cells, vasculature, plasma proteins and low molecular weight substances

59
Q

what is primary haemostasis?

A

temporary platelet plug

60
Q

what is secondary haemostasis?

A

coagulation

stable clot

61
Q

name the three stages of control of bleeding following vessel injury

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting
62
Q

describe what happens during vascular spasm following a vessel injury

A

injury prompts constriction of vessel - triggered by pain receptors
platelet chemical release (serotonin)

63
Q

describe what happens during platelet plug formation following a vessel injury

A

1st platelet adhesion - stick to rough surface of vessel

2nd platelet aggregation - platelets release substances to attract more platelets

64
Q

describe what happens during coagulation following a vessel injury

A

clotting factors in plasma (thrombin) causing a chemical cascade reaction to activate fibrinogen then fibrin

65
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways?

A

ex - damage outside blood vessel

in - damage inside blood vessel

66
Q

which coagulation pathway is slower acting?

A

intrinsic

67
Q

which factors do intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways use?

A

ex - factors external to blood clotting factors

in - blood clotting factors

68
Q

name the six clotting factors

A 
I - fibrinogen
II - prothrombin
III - thromboplastin
IV - Ca2+
VIII - anti-haemophiliac factor A
IX - Christmas factor
69
Q

how long doe it take for the extrinsic clotting mechanism to begin?

A

15 secs

70
Q

how long doe it take for the intrinsic clotting mechanism to begin?

A

3-6 mins

71
Q

describe how a blood clot is stopped by the body

A

platelets produce chemicals which inhibit clotting
heparin in blood inhibits clotting
clot dissolves by plasmin

72
Q

what is the term used for a clot being dissolved?

A

fibrinolysis

73
Q

what is plasmin?

A

fibrin dissolving enzyme

74
Q

name two natural anticoagulants found in blood

A

anti-thrombin

heparin (both block action of thrombin)

75
Q

name 4 ways in which haemostatic function can be tested

A

blood count
blood film
bleeding time
INR

76
Q

what are antigens A and B?

A

inherited glycoproteins on RBC membrane

77
Q

do people with blood type O have antigens on their RBC’s?

A

no

78
Q

what happens if blood with incompatible antigen’s was given?

A

cause agglutination (clumping) of blood

79
Q

what is your blood group determined by?

A

the antigen (A & B) or lack of (O)

80
Q

what is a resus group?

A

the positive or negative part of the blood group

81
Q

what does resus + and - mean?

A

+ have D antigen

- have no D antigen

82
Q

what can happen if the wrong blood group is given during a blood transfusion?

A

agglutination - blockage of vessels

haemolysis - free Hb block kidney tubles - DEATH

83
Q

which blood should be given in an emergency and what observation should be made?

A

O(-) as no antigens

monitor: temp, BP, rash, pain, kidneys

84
Q

during a blood transfusion which blood could a blood group A person receive?

A

A or O

85
Q

during a blood transfusion which blood could a blood group AB person receive?

A

A, B, AB or O

86
Q

during a blood transfusion which blood could a blood group O person receive?

A

O only

87
Q

if the blood to be given is Rh + who can receive the blood

A

only someone who is Rh+

88
Q

if the blood to be given is Rh - who can receive the blood

A

anyone + or -

89
Q

what would happen in a first and second pregnancy if the mother was Rh- and the baby was Rh+?

A

1st pregnancy - mother exposed to Rh+ blood of baby, mother produces anti D antibodies
2nd pregnancy - anti D antibodies attack blood of baby

90
Q

how is haemolytic disease of the new-born treated?

A

with anti D immunoglobin

91
Q

what are the results of untreated haemolytic disease of the new-born?

A

severe anaemia
toxin brain syndrome
rejection of foetus

92
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

formation of thrombus in vessel

93
Q

what causes a thrombosis?

A 
pooling of blood in veins (DVT)
damaged vessels (atherosclerosis)
94
Q

how does a thrombus form?

A

fibrin framework - traps platelets and other cells

attaches to vessel wall - impede blood flow and reduces profusion of tissue

95
Q

what plays a major role in venous thrombosis?

A

coagulation

96
Q

what plays a major role in arterial thrombosis?

A

platelet aggregation

97
Q

what is an embolus?

A

fragment or whole thrombus detached from vessel wall

98
Q

what does an embolus do and what can it cause?

A

blocks small blood vessels

causes: pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction or stroke

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions