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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Cells, Tissues & Organs, Homeostasis & Water balance > Flashcards

A & P - Cells, Tissues & Organs, Homeostasis & Water balance Flashcards

1
Q

name some features of a prokaryote

A 
non nucleus
bacteria
DNA in cytoplasm
few organelles
cell wall
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2
Q

name some features of a eukaryote

A 
nucleus
animal, plant or fungi
DNA in nucleus
many organelles
no cell wall (animals)
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3
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of?

A

phospholipid bilayer - semi permeable

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

control flow of substances in/out of cell - maintaining cell homeostasis (gate keeper)

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5
Q

what does cytoplasm contain?

A

enzymes
products of digestion
waste

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6
Q

where can cytoplasm be found?

A

in space between organelles

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7
Q

name the types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough

smooth

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8
Q

which endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the surface?

A

rough

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9
Q

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesise proteins (component production)

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10
Q

what is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesise lipids and steroid hormones (component production)

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11
Q

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

protein packaging (assembly & packaging)

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12
Q

in the Golgi apparatus what happens to the proteins when they are packaged?

A

become vesicles then secretory granules which release hormones

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13
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

synthesise ATP (energy production)

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14
Q

what type of respiration are mitochondria needed for?

A

aerobic cell respiration

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15
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

breakdown foodstuff/waste

destroy proteins/chemicals (recycling centre)

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16
Q

where are lysosomes formed?

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

how does the structure of the plasma membrane allow it to carry out its function?

A

protein channels - allow non-lipid soluble substances through
lipid soluble substances can pass unhindered

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18
Q

what is the structure of epithelial tissue?

A

cells closely packed

attached to basement membrane

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19
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

protects/provide barrier
secretion
absorption

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20
Q

where is epithelial tissue located?

A

covers body

lining of cavities, hollow organs & tubes

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21
Q

name three types of epithelial tissue and an example of its location in the body

A

squamous - blood vessels
cuboidal - kidney tubules
columnar - stomach lining

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22
Q

what is a single layer of epithelial tissue called?

A

simple

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23
Q

what is two or more layers of epithelial tissue called?

A

stratified

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24
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where is it located in the body?

A

gas/nutrient exchange

blood vessels and alveoli

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25
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium and where is it located in the body?

A

protection/barrier

oral cavity, anus, vagina

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26
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium and where is it located in the body?

A

secretion/absorption

gall bladder and GI tract

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27
Q

what is the function of modified simple columnar epithelium and where is it located in the body?

A

secretion/absorption
adapted with microvilli
small intestine

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28
Q

what is the function of complex columnar epithelium and where is it located in the body?

A

muscillary escalator - have cilla and goblet cells

trachea and large airway

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29
Q

name 4 types of connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage
ligaments
adipocytes
blood

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30
Q

describe the function of connective tissue

A

support
inflammatory response
connects, anchors
transport, insulation

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31
Q

name some cells which support connective tissue

A

cologne
fibroblasts
structural/metabolic support provided

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32
Q

name two types of soft connective tissue and their locations in the body

A

areolar (loose) - membranes around blood vessel, organs, muscle, under skin
adipose - around organs and joints

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33
Q

name two types of hard connective tissue and their locations in the body

A

cartilage - at joints

bone - skeleton

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34
Q

name 4 types of connective tissue

A

soft
hard
fibrous
liquid

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35
Q

name a type of fibrous connective tissue and describe it

A

collagen - very dense. long fibres - gives strength and flexiblity

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36
Q

name two types of liquid connective tissue and their locations in the body

A

blood

lymph- both around body

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37
Q

name the components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

ground substance - fluid
fibre
cells

38
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

tendency towards stability of internal environment of healthy organism

39
Q

what is the function of sensor receptors?

A

continually feedback information

40
Q

In homeostatic terms what is a variable?

A

factor/event being regulated

41
Q

In homeostatic terms what is the set point?

A

range in which variable needs to be kept

42
Q

what is positive feedback and give an example?

A

self amplifying cycle

blood clotting and childbirth

43
Q

what does negative feedback do?

A

decreases effect of original stimulus

44
Q

name 5 physiological variables which rely on homeostasis?

A 
temp
pH
glucose
blood pressure/volume
oxygen
45
Q

during thermoregulation where are impulses from the skin and brain receptors processed?

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

which receptors detect changes in blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors

47
Q

during homeostatic regulation of blood pressure where are impulses from the baroreceptors processed?

A

medulla oblongata

48
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

the opposite effect on the variable

49
Q

can the ‘set point’ of variables change throughout the day?

A

yes

50
Q

name some causes of dehydration

A 
diarrhoea
faulty thirst mechanism
low water intake
excess sweating
vomiting
51
Q

what is the total amount of water in the body?

A

32-40litres

52
Q

what % of the body is water?

A

60%

53
Q

list some reasons why water is important in the body

A 
universal solvent
chemical reaction occur in water
major component of cells & plasma
lubricates joints & organs
high ability to retain heat/absorb heat
stabilises body temp.
54
Q

how much intracellular fluid is in the body?

A

25litres (2/3 or 66%)

55
Q

how much extracellular fluid is in the body?

A

interstitial - 12litres
plasma - 3litres
total amount 1/3 or 30%

56
Q

what is osmosis?

A

water diffusion from high to low concentration

57
Q

what are aquaporines?

A

pores which allow water to move from one compartment to another

58
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

59
Q

how does temperature affect diffusion?

A

increased temperature makes particles move faster

60
Q

how does an increased concentration gradient affect diffusion?

A

the steeper the gradient the faster diffusion occurs

61
Q

what is an aqueous solution?

A

small molecules dissolve

62
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

small molecules which carry a charge (+ or -)
(+) cation
(-) anion

63
Q

what are colloids?

A

proteins or large molecules as solute

64
Q

what are suspensions?

A

larger molecules than colloid - particles settle out

65
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

pull of solute to move water from high to low concentration

66
Q

what is a mole?

A

weight of solute per volume of solution (g/per 100mls)

% of solute per volume of solution

67
Q

what is osmolatity? (mmol/kg)

A

osmolar concentration of plasma.

proportional to number of particles per kg of solvent

68
Q

what is osmolarity? (mmol/l)

A

osmolar concentration of plasma.

proportional to number of particles per litre of solution

69
Q

what is a solvent?

A

the liquid in which a solute dissolves

70
Q

what is a solute?

A

the substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution

71
Q

what is a solution?

A

the mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent

72
Q

what does the term iso-osmotic mean?

A

something has equal osmotic pressure

73
Q

what does the term tonicity mean?

A

measure of osmotic pressure against a semi-permeable membrane

74
Q

what does the term isotonic mean?

A

equal osmotic pressure

75
Q

what does the term hypotonic mean?

A

low osmotic pressure in cell but high outside cell (cause cell to swell)

76
Q

what does the term hypertonic mean?

A

high osmotic pressure in the cell and low outside cell (causes shrinking of cell)

77
Q

which receptors are involved in the thirst mechanism?

A

baroreceptors and osmoreceptors

78
Q

what do baroreceptors detect?

A

changes in blood pressure

79
Q

what do osmoreceptors detect?

A

changes in blood osmolarity

80
Q

which part of the brain receives messages from the baroreceptors and osmoreceptors?

A

hypothalamus

81
Q

what is the term used for over hydration?

A

hyponatraemia

82
Q

what is gelofusine, what does it treat and how?

A

a plasma expander, treats dehydration by replacing lost blood volume temporarily

83
Q

name two types of fluid therapy that are used to treat dehydration

A

0.9% saline (isotonic) - 0.9g of saline per 100ml water

5% glucose solution - 5g of glucose per 100ml water

84
Q

which electrolyte is there more of inside a resting cell?

A

Potassium (K+)

85
Q

which electrolytes is there more of outside a resting cell?

A

sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Calcium (Ca2+)

86
Q

name the dominant extracelluar ion

A

sodium

87
Q

which extracellular ion creates osmotic pressure?

A

sodium

88
Q

what is sodium needed for?

A

nerve conduction

propagation of action potential

89
Q

what hormones control sodium?

A

ANP and Aldosterone

90
Q

what does the steroid hormone ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide) do?

A

makes kidneys release salt

91
Q

what does the steroid hormone Aldosterone do?

A

makes kidneys reabsorb salt

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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