Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Respiratory system > Flashcards

A & P - Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 lobes and 2 fissures of the right lung

A 
lobes - superior
-middle
-inferior
fissures - oblique
- horizontal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the 2 lobes and 1 fissure of the left lung

A

lobes - superior
- inferior
fissure - oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where can the visceral pleura be found?

A

covering the lungs - passes into fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where can the parietal pleura be found?

A

lining the chest wall - continuous with visceral pleura around hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the space between the parietal and visceral pleura called?

A

pleural cavity - filled with serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the respiratory system has two zones, name them and say what they consist of

A

conducting zone -
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone -
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A 
nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name three important areas of the nasal cavity

A

conchae
meati
paranasal air sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

warm, cleanse and humidify air
detect odour
resonating chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the structure and function of the conchae in the nasal cavity

A

S- ridges in cavity increase surface area, cause turbulence

F - warming, humidifying, filtering air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the structure and function of the sinuses in the nasal cavity

A

S- tiny bone cavities

F - speech, lighten skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the four sinuses in the nasal cavity

A

maxilla
sphenoid
frontal
ethemoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name the three sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

passage for air and food (mucus too)
warm and humidify air
resonating chamber
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the larynx consist of?

A

epiglottis

thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A

route for food and air
protects airway
triggers cough reflex
vocal folds vibrate with expelled air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the wall of the larynx composed of?

A

9 pieces of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the trachea made of?

A

cartilaginous c shaped rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the open part of the cartilaginous c shaped rings in the trachea abut?

A

oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the respiratory mucosa

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what function does the muco-ciliary escalator have?

A

moves dust particles and debris with mucus out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in which direction does the muco-ciliary escalator move mucus? in the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

upper: down towards pharynx
lower: up towards pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the bronchial tree consist of?

A 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi - 3 r/lung, 2 l/lung
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which primary bronchi is most likely to have an object lodged in it and why?

A

right - its shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does a bronchus have that a bronchiole does not?

A

cartilage rings or plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

do bronchioles have cilia?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are bronchioles made of and which system controls them?

A

smooth muscle controls by ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe which membranes oxygen diffuses through to get from the alveoli to the capillary

A

squamous epithelial cell then basement membrane then capillary epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what makes up the alveoli wall?

A

type I alveolar cell -squamous epithelium

type II alveolar cells - septal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to the heart?

A

pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what supplies the lung tissue with blood?

A

bronchial arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is involved in quiet inspiration?

A

diaphragm - 80%

external intercostal muscles - 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what happens during quiet expiration?

A

diaphragm moves upwards
ribs move down
sternum moves in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what muscles are involved in forced inspiration?

A 
scalenes
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor and major
internal intercostals
rectus abmoninis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

internal intercostals
oblique and rectus abmoninis muscles
quadratus lumborum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is atmospheric pressure?

A

pressure exerted by the air and gases surrounding the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

opposing forces

recoil vs. elasticity of chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is created between the pleural membranes in health?

A

a vacuum - negative intrapleural pressure created which stops lungs from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what should intrapleural pressure be in relation to intra pulmonary pressure?

A

4mmHg less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

during expiration what happens to pressure?

A

increases - as pulmonary cavity gets smaller

44
Q

during inspiration what happens to pressure?

A

decreases - as pulmonary cavity gets bigger

45
Q

when does air stop entering the lungs?

A

when intra pulmonary and atmospheric pressure is equal

46
Q

when does air leave the lungs?

A

when intra pulmonary pressure is more that atmospheric pressure

47
Q

what is pulmonary compliance?

A

ease with which lungs expand

48
Q

what is high pulmonary compliance?

A

lungs/ thoracic wall expands easily

lungs are elastic and have adequate surfacent

49
Q

what is low pulmonary compliance?

A

lungs resistant to expansion

50
Q

what is pulmonary compliance reduced by?

A 
scar tissue on lungs
difficulty expanding lungs
blockage of resp. passage
low level of surfacent
high surface tension
51
Q

what regulates the diameter of airways?

A

smooth muscle

52
Q

in disease/illness such as asthma or COPD what happens to the bronchioles?

A

they can’t expand fully due to increased airflow resistance

53
Q

name some pulmonary function tests

A

spirometer - measures amount of air entering/ leaving lungs
respiratory volumes
respiratory capacities - combo of different resp. volumes

54
Q

what do the following abbreviations stand for?
IVR
VT
EVR

A

IVR - inspiratory reserve volume
VT - resting tidal volume
EVR - expiratory reserve volume

55
Q

what are the normal IVR values for men and women?

A

men - 3300

women- 1900

56
Q

what are the normal VT values for men and women?

A

both - 500

57
Q

what are the normal EVR values for men and women?

A

men - 1000

women - 700

58
Q

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

deep breath followed by rapid maximal exhalation

59
Q

FVC and FEV (forced expiratory volume in a second) at used to diagnosis what? and what are the healthy and abnormal levels?

A

obstructive disorders eg. asthma
FEV/FVC x 100
>70% healthy
<70% asthma

60
Q

what is Dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

in mixture of gases each gas exerts its own pressure as if the other gases where not there

61
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

pressure exerted by each gas

62
Q

how can you work out the partial pressure?

A

% of gas in mixture x total pressure of mixture =partial pressure

63
Q

describe the solubility in plasma of CO2, O2 and N2

A

CO2 has a greater solubilty than O2 in plasma

O2 has a much greater soulilty than N2 (nitrogen) in plasma

64
Q

what is Henry’s law?

A

amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air

65
Q

describe the relative partial pressures and solubility of CO2 and O2

A

partial pressure of O2 is greater than CO2

solubility of CO2 is greater than O2

66
Q

the exchange of Co2 and O2 must be what in the respiratory system?

A

equal

67
Q

what does CO2 rely on to make its exchange with O2 equal?

A

its greater solubility than O2 in plasma

68
Q

what does O2 reply on to make its exchange with CO2 equal?

A

its greater partial pressure than CO2

69
Q

down which gradient do gases diffuse?

A

pressure gradient

70
Q

what % of oxygen binds to haemoglobin?

A

98.5%

71
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can each haeme carry?

A

4

72
Q

what % of oxygen is carried in plasma?

A

1.5%

73
Q

if the partial pressure of oxygen is greater what happens?

A

more oxygen will combine with haemoglobin until saturated

74
Q

if the partial pressure of oxygen is lower what happens?

A

haemoglobin doesn’t hold as much oxygen

75
Q

how does the partial pressure in the alveoli and systemic tissues affect the amount of O2 bound to haemoglobin?

A

partial pressure in alveoli is greater so more oxygen bound

partial pressure in tissues is lower so less oxygen is bound

76
Q

what influences the amount of oxygen that the blood will give up?

A

partial pressure in that area

77
Q

name 5 factors that influence haemoglobin saturation

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • temp
  • acidity of blood
  • 2, 3- diphosphoglycerate
  • structure of Hb
78
Q

how does carbon dioxide influence Hb saturation?

A

increased CO2 cause blood to release oxygen allowing CO2 to bind

79
Q

how does acidity of blood affect Hb saturation?

A

increased acidity lowers O2 affinity with Hb.

80
Q

how does temperature affect Hb saturation?

A

increased temperature means more O2 are released from Hb

81
Q

how does 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (DPG)

affect Hb saturation?

A

reduces affinity of oxygen to Hb - it is produced during glycosis

82
Q

why does foetal Hb have a greater affinity to O2?

A

it binds 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (DPG) less strongly

83
Q

what % of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

~ 7%

84
Q

what % of CO2 is bound to Hb in RBCs?

A

~ 23% - binds to globin peptide chains

85
Q

where is the highest % of CO2 found in the blood?

A

as bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion in plasma (~ 70%)

86
Q

what happens if Co2 level in blood increase?

A

more CO2 moves out of RBCs

87
Q

what happens if Co2 level in blood decrease?

A

more CO2 moves into of RBCs

88
Q

how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from the alveolar air to RBCs and vice versa? and in which direction?

A

carbon dioxide - 100% from RBC to alveolar

oxygen - 100% from alveolar to RBC

89
Q

how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from respiring tissue to capillary blood and vice versa? and in which direction?

A

carbon dioxide - 100% from tissue to RBC in capillary

oxygen - 100% from RBC in capillary to tissue

90
Q

name the two pontine respiratory centre

A

apneustic centre

pneumotaxic centre

91
Q

what is the function of the apneustic pontine centre

A

activates and prolongs inspiration

92
Q

what is the function of the pneumotaxic pontine centre

A

increase breathing rate

turns off inspiratory area before lungs overfill

93
Q

name the two areas of the medulla involved with respiration

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

94
Q

what are the functions of the VRG and DRG?

A

VRG - accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration

DRG - active during inspiration, modifies rhythm of VRG

95
Q

what factors affect the rate and depth of breathing?

A

change in body demands
altitude
disease
changing levels in atrial blood : eg CO2, H+, O2

96
Q

which is the most important factor within the atrial blood which is monitored by the body to alter respiration?

A

CO2

97
Q

how does the body detect increases CO2 in blood?

A

increased CO2 leads to increased H+, raising blood acidity. This acidity id detected by chemoreceptors

98
Q

what is likely to happen to blood acidity in respiratory disease such as emphysema?

A

CO2 levels will increase, then H+ level increase. Partial pressure of CO2 increases thus blood becomes acidic leading to respiratory acidosis

99
Q

what happens if a patient is O2 when the partial pressure of CO2 is increased?

A

partial pressure of CO2 increases further, then chemoreceptors respond to increased H+, returning the PaCO2 to normal by increased ventilation and exhaling more CO2

100
Q

what is hypoxic drive? often seen in COPD patients?

A

CO2 in retained so chemoreceptors adapt to increased paCO2

101
Q

where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

aortic bodies

carotid bodies - main O2 receptors

102
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

surface of medulla - primarily monitor pH of CSF

103
Q

what % of change is mediated by the peripheral and central chemoreceptors in response to changes in CO2?

A

peripheral - 30%

central - 70%

104
Q

what happens if paCO2 decreases?

A

blood acidity levels decrease and blood pH rises, leading to respiratory alkalosis

105
Q

what might cause respiratory alkalosis?

A

hyperventilation or panic attack

106
Q

what happens if the paO2 increases?

A

free radials are generated leading to coma and death

107
Q

what happens if paO2 decreases?

A

atrial paO2 must be below 60mmHg,

then increased ventilation, central chemoreceptors switch off and peripheral chemoreceptors increasing breathing rate

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions