A & P - skeletal system Flashcards
name the functions of the skeletal system
structural support produce red blood cells protect internal organs store calcium provide leverage for movement
what is bone?
a dynamic living tissue
specialised connective tissue
a matrix in which cells are suspended
strong and flexible
what is the organic component of bone matrix called and what is it made up of?
osteoid
collagen and protein - strong and flexible but compressed easily
what is the inorganic component of bone matrix called and what is it made up of?
hydroxyapatite mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) - hard, inflexible and brittle
what % of the bone structure is made up of cells?
2%
which cells in the bone make new bone?
osteoblasts - secrete osteoid and lay down minerals
which cells in the bone maintain the bone matrix?
osteocytes - (mature osteoblasts) found in lacunae
which cells in the bone remove minerals from the bone matrix?
osteoclasts - put minerals back into blood, responsible for bone remodelling
what are developing osteoblasts called?
osteogenic stem cells
name the 2 types of bone tissue
compact and cancellous
where is compact bone located?
on surface of bone
where is cancellous bone located?
interior of bone (spongy in nature with lots of air spaces)
what is the basic functional unit of compact bone?
osteon or haversian system
what are interstitial lamaellae?
bone which fills the gaps in between osteons
what are circumferential lamaellae?
bone which surrounds the outer surface of the bone
what runs up the haversian canal?
blood vessels
what is the osteon composed of?
concentric lamaellae
where in the osteon can the osteocytes be found?
in between the concentric lamaellae
how do the osteocytes communicate with each other in the osteon?
through the canalinuli
what forms the cancellous bone?
trabeculae
how are the trabeculae arranged in cancellous bone?
haphazardly - allowing for stress from different directions
what do the spaces between the trabeculae contain?
bone marrow
where is bone marrow found?
between trabeculae
medullary cavity of long bones
what is red bone marrow and what does it do?
myeloid tissue
makes RBC’s
what is yellow bone marrow and what does it do?
fatty tissue
no longer produces RBC’s but can if needed
what is the name of a bone that is longer than it is wide?
long bone
what is the name of a bone that is nearly equal in length and width?
short bone
what is the name of a bone that protect organs?
flat bone
what is the name of a bone that serves as a muscle attachment?
irregular bone
what is the name for the mid section of a long bone?
diaphysis
what is the name for the end section of a long bone?
epiphysis
what is the name for the section between the diaphysis and the epiphysis of a long bone?
metaphysis
what is the outer surface of a long bone called?
periosteum
what is the inner portion of a long bone called?
endosteum
name the 2 methods of bone formation
intramembrous ossification
endochondral ossification
which method of bone formation occurs in flat bone?
intramembrous ossification
explain the process of intramembrous ossification
- mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid - deposition of mineral salts lead to calcification
- mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
- blood vessels grow into area
- initially only cancellous bone but following remodelling compact bone develops
what is bone remodelling?
the replacement of old and injured bone - continues throughout life
how are blood calcium levels maintained?
calcium salts are deposited and reabsorbed in bones as required
what happens to the bone in areas of physical stress?
it increases in thickness to increase strength
which symbol is used to denote a fracture?
#
what is a compound fracture?
a fracture were the bone can be seen through the wound in skin or the bone is sticking through skin
what is a greenstick fracture?
the ends of the bones are still joined - in children
if the ends of the bone are fractured what is the fracture called?
comminuted
what is required for good bone healing?
infection free
good blood supply
what may delay bone healing?
poor blood supply infection tissue between bone ends poor alignment of bone mobility of bone ends
how long does it usually take for a bone to heal?
8 weeks
name the 3 functional classifications of joints
synarthrosis - little/no movement (skull)
amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable (vertebrae)
diarthrosis - freely moveable (hip)
name the 3 structural classifications of joints
cartilaginous - bones held by cartilage (vertebrae)
fibrous - bone held by collagenous fibres (skull)
synovial - bones separated by joint (hip)
what is the function of the fibrous capsule in the synovial joint?
holds bone together
what produces synovial fluid?
synovial membrane - also lines cavity
where in the synovial joint would the articular cartilage be found?
ends of bones
name the 6 different synovial joint classifications
ball and socket (hip) hinge (elbow) gliding (sternoclavicular) pivot (atlantoaxial) - between top 2 vertebrae ellipsoid (radiocarpal) saddle (thumb)
how many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
what does the axial skeleton consist of?
skull
sternum
ribs
spine
how many bones are in whole body?
206
name the main areas of the skull
occipital - back parietal - side upper temporal - side lower frontal - forehead maxilla - facial mandible - jaw
what are the functions of the skull?
to protect the brain, eyes, ears, tongue.
house teeth
provide passage of air and food
What is the function of the vertebral column?
supports body
protects spinal cord
name the regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each
cervical 8 thoracic 12 lumber 5 sacral 4 coccygeal 1
what is the function of the ribs?
protect contents of thorax
important in ventilation
how many pairs of true ribs do we have?
7 - join to sternum
how many floater ribs do we have?
2 pairs
what attaches the ribs to the sternum?
cartilage
name the 3 parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphisternum
what is the sternum made from?
ossified cartilage
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
name the 4 regions of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs
what does the pectoral girdle consist of?
scapulae
clavicles
which part of the scapula forms the ball and socket joint with the humerus?
glenoid process
what is the scapula more commonly known as?
shoulder blade
what forms the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
clavicle
what is the correct name for the collar bone?
clavicle
name the 3 areas of the upper limb
arm
forearm
hand
in the hand what are the carpels?
wrist bones
in the hand what are the metacarpels?
bones through back of hand
in the hand what are the phalanges?
bones of fingers
name the bone of the arm
humerus
what does the humerus articulate with to form the shoulder joint?
glenoid fossa
name the bones of the forearm
radius and ulna
where does the ulna lie in relation to the radius?
ulna lies medial to the radius
name the 2 regions of the pelvic girdle (pelvis)
sacrum
two os coxa
name the 3 bones which are fused to form the os coxa
ilium
ischium
pubis
the 3 bones of the os coxa are fused and join at what cup like to form the hip joint?
acetabulum
where do the 2 os coxa articulate?
symphasis pubis
name the 3 areas of the lower limb
thigh
leg
foot
name the bones of the foot
tarsels - ankle bones
metatarcels - bones of foot
phalanges - toe bones
name the thigh bone
femur
name the bones of the leg
tibia
fibula
name the knee cap
patella
what is the patella?
a sesamoid bone that develops in quadriceps tendon
