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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - skeletal system > Flashcards

A & P - skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

name the functions of the skeletal system

A 
structural support
produce red blood cells
protect internal organs
store calcium
provide leverage for movement
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2
Q

what is bone?

A

a dynamic living tissue
specialised connective tissue
a matrix in which cells are suspended
strong and flexible

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3
Q

what is the organic component of bone matrix called and what is it made up of?

A

osteoid

collagen and protein - strong and flexible but compressed easily

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4
Q

what is the inorganic component of bone matrix called and what is it made up of?

A 
hydroxyapatite
mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) - hard, inflexible and brittle
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5
Q

what % of the bone structure is made up of cells?

A

2%

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6
Q

which cells in the bone make new bone?

A

osteoblasts - secrete osteoid and lay down minerals

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7
Q

which cells in the bone maintain the bone matrix?

A

osteocytes - (mature osteoblasts) found in lacunae

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8
Q

which cells in the bone remove minerals from the bone matrix?

A

osteoclasts - put minerals back into blood, responsible for bone remodelling

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9
Q

what are developing osteoblasts called?

A

osteogenic stem cells

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10
Q

name the 2 types of bone tissue

A

compact and cancellous

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11
Q

where is compact bone located?

A

on surface of bone

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12
Q

where is cancellous bone located?

A

interior of bone (spongy in nature with lots of air spaces)

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13
Q

what is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

A

osteon or haversian system

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14
Q

what are interstitial lamaellae?

A

bone which fills the gaps in between osteons

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15
Q

what are circumferential lamaellae?

A

bone which surrounds the outer surface of the bone

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16
Q

what runs up the haversian canal?

A

blood vessels

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17
Q

what is the osteon composed of?

A

concentric lamaellae

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18
Q

where in the osteon can the osteocytes be found?

A

in between the concentric lamaellae

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19
Q

how do the osteocytes communicate with each other in the osteon?

A

through the canalinuli

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20
Q

what forms the cancellous bone?

A

trabeculae

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21
Q

how are the trabeculae arranged in cancellous bone?

A

haphazardly - allowing for stress from different directions

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22
Q

what do the spaces between the trabeculae contain?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

where is bone marrow found?

A

between trabeculae

medullary cavity of long bones

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24
Q

what is red bone marrow and what does it do?

A

myeloid tissue

makes RBC’s

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25
Q

what is yellow bone marrow and what does it do?

A

fatty tissue

no longer produces RBC’s but can if needed

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26
Q

what is the name of a bone that is longer than it is wide?

A

long bone

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27
Q

what is the name of a bone that is nearly equal in length and width?

A

short bone

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28
Q

what is the name of a bone that protect organs?

A

flat bone

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29
Q

what is the name of a bone that serves as a muscle attachment?

A

irregular bone

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30
Q

what is the name for the mid section of a long bone?

A

diaphysis

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31
Q

what is the name for the end section of a long bone?

A

epiphysis

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32
Q

what is the name for the section between the diaphysis and the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

metaphysis

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33
Q

what is the outer surface of a long bone called?

A

periosteum

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34
Q

what is the inner portion of a long bone called?

A

endosteum

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35
Q

name the 2 methods of bone formation

A

intramembrous ossification

endochondral ossification

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36
Q

which method of bone formation occurs in flat bone?

A

intramembrous ossification

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37
Q

explain the process of intramembrous ossification

A
  • mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid - deposition of mineral salts lead to calcification
  • mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  • blood vessels grow into area
  • initially only cancellous bone but following remodelling compact bone develops
38
Q

what is bone remodelling?

A

the replacement of old and injured bone - continues throughout life

39
Q

how are blood calcium levels maintained?

A

calcium salts are deposited and reabsorbed in bones as required

40
Q

what happens to the bone in areas of physical stress?

A

it increases in thickness to increase strength

41
Q

which symbol is used to denote a fracture?

A

#

42
Q

what is a compound fracture?

A

a fracture were the bone can be seen through the wound in skin or the bone is sticking through skin

43
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

the ends of the bones are still joined - in children

44
Q

if the ends of the bone are fractured what is the fracture called?

A

comminuted

45
Q

what is required for good bone healing?

A

infection free

good blood supply

46
Q

what may delay bone healing?

A 
poor blood supply
infection
tissue between bone ends
poor alignment of bone
mobility of bone ends
47
Q

how long does it usually take for a bone to heal?

A

8 weeks

48
Q

name the 3 functional classifications of joints

A

synarthrosis - little/no movement (skull)
amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable (vertebrae)
diarthrosis - freely moveable (hip)

49
Q

name the 3 structural classifications of joints

A

cartilaginous - bones held by cartilage (vertebrae)
fibrous - bone held by collagenous fibres (skull)
synovial - bones separated by joint (hip)

50
Q

what is the function of the fibrous capsule in the synovial joint?

A

holds bone together

51
Q

what produces synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane - also lines cavity

52
Q

where in the synovial joint would the articular cartilage be found?

A

ends of bones

53
Q

name the 6 different synovial joint classifications

A 
ball and socket (hip)
hinge (elbow)
gliding (sternoclavicular)
pivot (atlantoaxial) - between top 2 vertebrae
ellipsoid (radiocarpal)
saddle (thumb)
54
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

55
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

skull
sternum
ribs
spine

56
Q

how many bones are in whole body?

A

206

57
Q

name the main areas of the skull

A 
occipital - back
parietal - side upper
temporal - side lower
frontal - forehead
maxilla - facial
mandible - jaw
58
Q

what are the functions of the skull?

A

to protect the brain, eyes, ears, tongue.
house teeth
provide passage of air and food

59
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

supports body

protects spinal cord

60
Q

name the regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each

A 
cervical 8
thoracic 12
lumber 5 
sacral 4
coccygeal 1
61
Q

what is the function of the ribs?

A

protect contents of thorax

important in ventilation

62
Q

how many pairs of true ribs do we have?

A

7 - join to sternum

63
Q

how many floater ribs do we have?

A

2 pairs

64
Q

what attaches the ribs to the sternum?

A

cartilage

65
Q

name the 3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphisternum

66
Q

what is the sternum made from?

A

ossified cartilage

67
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

68
Q

name the 4 regions of the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs

69
Q

what does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

scapulae

clavicles

70
Q

which part of the scapula forms the ball and socket joint with the humerus?

A

glenoid process

71
Q

what is the scapula more commonly known as?

A

shoulder blade

72
Q

what forms the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?

A

clavicle

73
Q

what is the correct name for the collar bone?

A

clavicle

74
Q

name the 3 areas of the upper limb

A

arm
forearm
hand

75
Q

in the hand what are the carpels?

A

wrist bones

76
Q

in the hand what are the metacarpels?

A

bones through back of hand

77
Q

in the hand what are the phalanges?

A

bones of fingers

78
Q

name the bone of the arm

A

humerus

79
Q

what does the humerus articulate with to form the shoulder joint?

A

glenoid fossa

80
Q

name the bones of the forearm

A

radius and ulna

81
Q

where does the ulna lie in relation to the radius?

A

ulna lies medial to the radius

82
Q

name the 2 regions of the pelvic girdle (pelvis)

A

sacrum

two os coxa

83
Q

name the 3 bones which are fused to form the os coxa

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

84
Q

the 3 bones of the os coxa are fused and join at what cup like to form the hip joint?

A

acetabulum

85
Q

where do the 2 os coxa articulate?

A

symphasis pubis

86
Q

name the 3 areas of the lower limb

A

thigh
leg
foot

87
Q

name the bones of the foot

A

tarsels - ankle bones
metatarcels - bones of foot
phalanges - toe bones

88
Q

name the thigh bone

A

femur

89
Q

name the bones of the leg

A

tibia

fibula

90
Q

name the knee cap

A

patella

91
Q

what is the patella?

A

a sesamoid bone that develops in quadriceps tendon

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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