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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > A&P Chapter 9 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 9 Flashcards

0
Q

Contractibility

A

Ability of a muscle to shorten with force.

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1
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A

Body movement, posture, respiration, body heat production, communication, constriction of organs and vessels, heart beat.

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2
Q

Excitability

A

respond to a stimulus.

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3
Q

Extensibility

A

Stretch to a limited degree. Muscles can stretch when needed.

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4
Q

Muscle types

A

Skeletal: Body movements; voluntary.
Smooth: walls of hollow organs; involuntary
Cardiac: Heart; involuntary.

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5
Q

Fasciculi

A

bundles of fibers

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6
Q

Perimyseum

A

connective tissue surrounding fasciculi.

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding entire muscle.

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8
Q

Motor Neurons

A

nerve cells that stimulates muscle contraction.

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9
Q

Neuromuscular Junctions

A

contact points between axons and muscle fibers.

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10
Q

Muscle fiber development

A

Precursor cells –> myoblasts –> multinucleated cells

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11
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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12
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Muscle cytoplasm

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14
Q

Myofibril

A

Threadlike connections between fibers

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15
Q

Actin

A

Thin myofilaments

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16
Q

Myosin

A

Thick myofilament

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic structural unit and functional skeletal muscle.
Actin+ myosin
Powerhouse of the muscle

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18
Q

Z-disk

A

Attachment point for actin

Z network

20
Q

ligand-gated ion channels

A

ligand binds to receptor channel

ion channel opens to allow ion to enter cell

21
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

open and close in response to voltage changes

22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

resting= negative ions inside, positive ions outside

23
Q

depolarization phase

A

opening of channels and triggers contraction

24
Q

repolarization phase

A

closing of channels and relaxation

25
Q

calcium

A

release causes contraction

26
Q

muscle twitch

A

lag phase: time between stimulus and contraction.
contraction phase: time of contraction
relaxation phase: time of relaxation.

27
Q

Summation

A 
repeated stimulation (stimulus strength and 
response)
28
Q

Recruitment

A

increased number of fibers (stimulus strength and response)

29
Q

Subthreshold stimulus

A

no contraction

30
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

contraction

31
Q

submaximal stimuli

A

additional motor units

32
Q

maximal stimuli

A

all motor units

33
Q

stimulus frequency

A

contraction increases as stimuli increases

repeated stimulation inhibits resting.

34
Q

incomplete tetanus

A

fibers partially relax between contractions.

35
Q

complete tetanus

A

no relaxation between contraction.

36
Q

isometric (muscle contraction)

A

no change in length but tension increases.

- postural muscles of the body.

37
Q

isotonic (muscle Contraction)

A

change in length but tension remains constant.

    • Concentric: overcomes opposing resistance and muscle shortens.
    • eccentric: tension maintained but muscle lengthens.
38
Q

muscle tone (muscle contraction)

A

constant tension by muscles for long periods of time

39
Q

fatigue

A

decreased capacity to work and reduced efficiency of performance.

40
Q

Fatigue Types

A

psychological: depends on mental state of individual.

Muscular: results form ATP depletion.

Synaptic: occurs in NMJ due to lack or acetylcholine.

41
Q

Physiological Contracture

A

state of fatigue where due to lack of ATP neither contraction nor relaxation can occur.

42
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

development of rigid muscles several hours after death. Calcium leaks into sarcoplasm and attaches to myosin heads and crossbridges form. Ends when tissue start to deteriorate.

43
Q

Slow Twitch

A

Respond slow to stimulation

resistant to fatigue

44
Q

Fast twitch

A

respond slow to stimulation
fewer mitochondria
prone to fatigue ra

45
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in size due to inactivity

46
Q

Heat production

A

exercise: metabolic rate and heat production
Post-exercise: metabolic rate stays high due to oxygen debt.
Shivering: uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers resulting in shaking and heat production.

47
Q

Types of Smooth Muscle

A

Visceral or unitary : cells in sheets, function as a unit.
–numerous gap junctions; wave of contraction
– digestive and reproductive tracts
Multiunit: cells or groups of cells act as independent units.
– Sheets(blood vessels ); bundles(arrector pili and iris); single cells (capsule of spleen)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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