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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > A&P Chapter 12 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • extends to 2nd lumbar vertebrae
  • gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • cervical enlargement: nerve fiber of upper limbs enter and exit (arm)
  • lumbosacral enlargement: nerve fibers of lower limb exit and enter (leg).
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2
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissue membranes

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3
Q

Dura mater

A

superficial and thickest membrane

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4
Q

arachnoid mater

A

next deeper meningeal membrane

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5
Q

Pia mater

A

deepest, bound to the spinal cord.

Forms filum terminale( anchors spinal cord to coccyx)

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6
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons; schwanns cells

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7
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

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8
Q

White matter of spinal cord

A
  • each half divided into 3 columns
    1. ventral
    2. dorsal
    3. lateral
  • each funiculi divide to tracts of fasciuli
  • white commissure: connect halves together.
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9
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord

A
  • organized into horns
    1. posterior
    2. anterior
    3. lateral
  • gray commissure: connects halves
  • central canal: helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
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10
Q

Roots of spinal cord

A

each half has a dorsal root an da ventral root. roots join laterally to form spinal nerve.

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11
Q

Dorsal root

A

sensory neurons (sensory info)

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12
Q

Ventral root

A

Autonomic neurons; motor neurons. glands and muscles

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13
Q

Neuron

A

basic structural unit of the nervous system

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14
Q

reflex arc

A

basic functional unit. ability to receive stimuli and produce response.

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15
Q

Reflexes

A
  • Autonomic response
  • some can be exaggerated (diff for everyone)
    Consists of
    1. sensory receptor
    2. sensory neruon
    3. interneuron
    4. motor neuron
    5. effector organ
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16
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A
  • encapsulated nerved endings in tendons

- prevents excessive tension in tendons

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17
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A
  • inhibitory signals sent to antagonist muscles

- reduces resistance to movement

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18
Q

cross extensor reflex

A
  • stimulation of motor neurons in other leg

- aids in maintaining balance

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19
Q

Endoneurium

A

surrounds the individual nerve fibers

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20
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds groups of nerve fibers

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21
Q

fascicles

A

bundle of fibers encased in perineurium

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22
Q

epineurium

A

encases fascicles

23
Q

Organization of spinal nerves

A 
8 cervical C1-C8
12 thoracic T1-T12
5 Lumbar L1-L5
5 sacral S1-S5
1 coccygeal Co
24
Q

Plexus

A

bundle of nerves

25
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin spinal nerve innervates

26
Q

Dorsal Rami

A

innervates deep muscles of vertebral column.

27
Q

Ventral Rami

A

innervate intercostals. Forms the 5 major plexus.

28
Q

cervical plexus

A 
originating form C1-C4 
- innervates 
  1. skin of neck and posterior head 
  2. hyoid muscle 
  3. superficial neck structures 
- Phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm 
(branch of C4) ***
29
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • originates from C5- T1
  • axillary nerve: deltoid, teres minor
  • Radial nerve: supinator, upperlimb extensors, brachioradialis.
30
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

anterior muscles of the arm. Sensory fpr the forearm.

31
Q

ulnar nerve

A

2 muscle of the forearm; intrinsic hand .

32
Q

Median nerve

A

most flexors of forearm; hand muscles at the base of thumb.

33
Q

Axillary nerve

A
  • laterally rotate arm: teres minor
  • abducts arm: deltoid
  • Skin: inferior lateral shoulder
34
Q

Radial nerve

A

movements at the elbow and wrist; thumb movements

- skin: posterior surface of the arm and forearm, lateral 2/3 of dorsum hand.

35
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • movements at the shoulder, elbow and wrist

- skin: lateral surface of forearm.

36
Q

Ulnar nerve

A
  • movements at the wrist, fingers and hand

- skin: medial 1/3 of hand, little finger, and medial1/2 of ring finger

37
Q

Medial nerve

A
  • movement of the hand, wirst, thumb, fingers.

- Skin: lateral 2/3 of palm, thumb, index and middle fingers; lateral 1/2 of ring finger and dorsal tip of same fingers.

38
Q

Other nerves pf the brachial plexus

A

pectoral, long thoracic, thoracodorsal, subscapular, and suprascapular.

39
Q

Lumbar and sacral plexus

A
  • Tibial nerve: posterior thigh, leg, and foot.

- fibula nerve: posterior thigh, leg, foot.

40
Q

Lumbar and sacral nerves

A

lumbar originated L1-L4
sacral originates L4-S4
- obturator nerve: medial thigh and knee (adducts)
- femoral nerve: anterior thigh.

41
Q

Gluteal nerve

A

hip muscles that act on femur

42
Q

pudendal nerve

A

abdominal wall and anesthetized in childbirth.

43
Q

external genitalia

A
  • genitofemoral nerve, illoguinal nerve, illiohypogastric nerve, cutaneous femoral nerve.
44
Q

Coccygeal plexus (least amount of nerves)

A
  • formed at S5 and coccygeal nerve
  • innervates
  • pelvic floor
  • skin over coccyx sends info.
45
Q

Anesthesia

A

loss of sensation

46
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity to light, pressure, and pain

47
Q

paresthesia

A

tingling, prickling, burning ( hand falling asleep)

48
Q

Neuralgia

A

nerve inflammation causing stabbing pain

49
Q

Sciatica

A

pain radiating down back of thigh and leg.

50
Q

Herpes

A

skin lesions

51
Q

shingles

A

or herpes zoster; adult disease of chicken pox

52
Q

poliomyelitis

A

infantile paralysis

53
Q

anesthetic leprosy

A

bacterial infection of the peripheral nerves

- can be caught from an armadillo

54
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

resultsin fatigue and muscular weakness due to inadequate ACH receptors.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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