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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > A&P Chapter 8 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Classes of Joints

A 
Fibrous joints
- Sutures 
- syndesmoses 
- gomphosis 
Cartilaginous joints
- Synchondroses 
- Symphyses
Synovial joints
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2
Q

Fibrous Joints

A 
Sutures
- Seams between skull bones
Syndesmoses
- Fibrous joint joined by ligament
Gomphoses
- Pegs that fit into sockets
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3
Q

Suture

A

Opposing bones interdigitate.
Sutural ligament:
- two periostea plus dense, fibrous, connective tissue between.
Fontanels:
- membranous areas in the suture between bones. Allow change in shape of head during birth and rapid growth of the brain after birth.

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4
Q

Syndesmoses

A
  1. Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments
  2. Some movement may occur
    - Examples: radioulnar (interosseus membrane)
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5
Q

Gomphoses

A

Specialized joints
Pegs that fit into sockets
Held in place by regular collagenous tissue
Only found in teeth and mandible/maxilla
Peridontal bundle
- Connective tissue between teeth & sockets

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6
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A 
United 2 bones by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Synchondroses
- Joints containing hyaline cartilage
Symphyses
- Joints containing fibrocartilage
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7
Q

Synchondroses

A 
2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Little or no movement
Examples
- Epiphyseal plates of growing bones
- 1st rib and the sternum
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8
Q

Symphyes

A 
Fibro-cartilage uniting 2 bones
Movable
Examples
- Manubrium and body of sternum
- Symphysis pubis
- -Inter-vertebral disks
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9
Q

Synovial Joints

A 
Contain synovial fluid
Allow considerable movement
Articular cartilage covers articulation sites
Articular disk
- Lies between articular cartilages
Meniscus
- Articular disk in knee or wrist
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10
Q

General Structural Features

A 
Joint cavity
- Encloses articular surfaces of 2 bones
Joint Capsule
- Encases joint cavity
- Contains synovial membrane
Synovial membrane
- Produces synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid
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11
Q

Bursa

A 
Synovial membrane extends to form a sac
Contains synovial fluid
Provides cushioning to prevent rubbing
Bursitis
- Inflammation of bursa & restricts movement
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12
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A 
Classified by shape of articular surfaces:
Plane (Gliding)
Saddle
Hinge
Pivot
Ball-and-socket
Ellipsoid
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13
Q

Movement of Synovial Joints

A 
Uniaxial
- One axis
Biaxial
- Two axes
Multiaxial
- Several axes
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14
Q

Plane Joint

A

2 flat bones of equal size that can glide
Movement is uniaxial
Example:
- Intervertebral
- intercarpal
- Carpometacarpal
- costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal

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15
Q

Saddle Joint

A 
2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces
 oriented at right angles
Biaxial joints
Example
- Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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16
Q

Hinge Joint

A 
Uniaxial movement
Convex portion of one bone articulates with concave portion of another bone
Examples
- Elbow 
- Knee
- Ankle
17
Q

Knee Joint

A

Meniscus: fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface
Cruciate ligaments: extend between tibia and femur
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anterior displacement of tibia
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posterior displacement of tibia

18
Q

Ankle (talocural) Joint

A 
Highly modified hinge joint
Lateral and medial thickening of articular capsule to prevent side-to-side movement
Ligaments of arch
- Hold bones in proper relationship
- Transfer weight
19
Q

Pivot Joint

A 
Uniaxial movement
Restricted movement around a single axis
Cylindrical bony process that rotated within a ring of bone & ligaments
Examples
- Radius and ulna
- Dens and atlas
20
Q

Ball and Socket

A 
A ball (head) one one bone fits into socket of another
Multiaxial movement
Examples
- Shoulder
- Hip
21
Q

Hip (coxal) Joint

A
  • Ball-and-socket with acetabulum deepened by fibrocartilage acetabular labrum and transverse acetabular ligament
  • More stable but less mobile than shoulder joint
22
Q

Ellipsoid Joint

A
  1. Modified ball-and-socket joint
  2. Ellipsoid articular surface rather than ball
  3. Biaxial movement
  4. Hinge motion in 2 axes
  5. Restricted rotation
    Example
    - Atlantooccipital joint of neck
23
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A
  • Combination plane and ellipsoid joint

- Fibrocartilage disk divides joint into superior and inferior cavities

24
Q

Types of Movement

A 
Gliding: in plane joints; slight movement
Angular
- Flexion and Extension
  * Hyperextension
  * Plantar and Dorsiflexion
- Abduction and Adduction
Circular
- Rotation
- Pronation and Supination
- Circumduction
25
Q

Flexion and Extension

A

Flexion: movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane
Extension: movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

26
Q

Hyperextension

A
  • Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion
  • Can lead to breaks and/or dislocations
  • Commonly used as submission method in Judo and Jui-jitsu
27
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

A

Plantar flexion: standing on the toes

Dorsiflexion: foot lifted toward the shin

28
Q

Abduction and Adduction

A

Abduction: movement away from the median plane
Adduction: movement toward the median plan

29
Q

Circular Movements

A

Rotation: turning of a structure on its long axis
- Examples: rotation of the head, humerus, entire body
- Medial and lateral rotation; example, the rotation of the arm
Pronation/Supination: refer to unique rotation of the forearm
- Pronation: palm faces posteriorly
- Supination: palm faces anteriorly

30
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

- Appendage describes a cone

31
Q

Special Movements

A 
Unique to only one or two joints
Types
- Elevation and Depression
- Protraction and Retraction
- Excursion
- Opposition and Reposition
- Inversion and Eversion
32
Q

Elevation and Depression

A

Elevation: moves a structure superior
Depression: moves a structure inferior
Examples: shrugging the shoulders, opening and closing the mouth

33
Q

Protraction and Retraction

A

Protraction: gliding motion anteriorly
Retraction: moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
Examples: scapulae and mandibles

34
Q

Excursion

A

Lateral: moving mandible to the right or left of midline
Medial: return the mandible to the midline

35
Q

Opposition and Reposition

A

Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
Re-position: return to anatomical position

36
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A

Inversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially
Eversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally

37
Q

Range of motion

A 
The amount of mobility at a give joint
Active range of motion
- Movement by normal contraction
Passive range of motion
- Movement by an outside source
38
Q

Beyond Range of Motion

A 
Dislocation (luxation)
- Articulating surfaces out of alignment
Subluxation
- Partial dislocation
Sprain
- Ligaments are damaged
39
Q

Effects of Aging on Joints

A
  1. Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development decreases
  2. Articular cartilages wear down and matrix becomes more rigid
  3. Production of synovial fluid declines
  4. Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less flexible: decrease in range of motion (ROM)
  5. Muscles around joints weaken
  6. A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and decreased ROM

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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