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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > A&P Chapter 7 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton

A

Average adult has 206 bones
Number varies and decreases with age
Axial skeleton
- Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
- Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral & pelvic girdles

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2
Q

Skull

A 
Composed of 22 different bones
Protects the brain
Supports vision, hearing, taste, & smell
Intake of air, food, & fluid
Calvaria is top or “skull cap”
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3
Q

Skull

A 
Brain case
2 parietal bones
2 temporal 
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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4
Q

Superior View

A 
4 bones are visible
Pair parietal bones
Frontal bone 
Occipital bone
Coronal suture joins parietals to frontal bone
Sagittal suture joins parietal bones
Lambdoid joins parietals to occipital
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5
Q

Posterior View

A 
Parietals & occipital are visible
Lambdoid suture joins parietals & occipital
External occipital protuberance
- Posterior surface of occipital
- Attachment from ligamentum nuchae
Nuchal lines
- Small ridges
- Attachment point for neck muscles
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6
Q

Lateral View

A 
Temporal bone
- Contains auditory canal
- Joined to parietal by squamous suture
Mastoid process
- Posterior to the ear that neck muscles attach
Zygomatic
- Cheekbone
Mandible
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7
Q

Anterior View

A 
Maxilla
- Interior to zygomatic
Orbits
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Optic canal
Nasal cavity
Mandible
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8
Q

Orbit

A 
Nasolacrimal canal
- Tears enter nasal cavity
Optic canal
- Optic nerve
Superior & inferior fissure
- Blood vessels and nerves
Palantine bone
- Medial wall
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9
Q

Nasal Cavity

A 
Nasal conchae
- 3 bony shelves to increase surface area
- Moistens and warms inhaled air
Paranasal cavities
- Large cavities to decrease weight
- Act as resonating chambers
- Named for bone they occupy
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10
Q

Inferior View

A 
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Carotid canals
Styloid process
- Tongue, hyoid,& pharynx muscle
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
- Posterior nasal septum
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11
Q

Hyoid

A
  1. Unpaired
  2. No direct bony attachment to skeleton
  3. Muscle and ligaments attach it
  4. Provides attachment point for muscles of tongue and neck
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12
Q

Vertebral Column (functions)

A

Functions

  • Supports weight of head and trunk
  • Protects the spinal cord
  • Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
  • Provides site for muscle attachment
  • Permits movement of head and trunk
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13
Q

Vertebral Column

A 
Twenty-six bones in adult; 34 in embryo
- 5 fuse to form sacrum
- 4 or 5 coccygeal fuse to form the coccyx
Regions
- Cervical (7 vertebrae)
- Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
- Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
- Sacral  bone (1)
- Coccygeal bone (1)
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14
Q

Vertebrae

A 
Body
- Weight bearing portion
Arch
- Projects posteriorly from body
Vertebral foramen
- Opening in vertebrae
Vertebral canal
- Contains spinal cord
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15
Q

Vertebrae

A 
Transverse process
- Extends laterally from arch 
Spinous process
- Projects to posterior
Intervertebral foramen
- How spinal nerves exit spinal cord
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16
Q

Intervertebral DIsks

A

Located between adjacent vertebrae
Functions
- Provide support
- Prevent vertebrae rubbing against each other
Consist of
- Annulus fibrosus: external
- Nucleus pulposus: internal and gelatinous
Becomes compressed with age and height decreases
With age, more susceptible to herniation

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17
Q

Herniated or Ruptured Disk

A

Breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus. May push against spinal nerves impairing function and causing pain.

18
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A 
Superior 7 vertebrae
Have small bodies & transverse foramen
Atlas
- 1st cervical vertebrae
- Articulates with skull in “yes” motion
Axis
- 2nd cervical vertebrae
- Allows rotation of atlas in “no” movement
- Modified process called “dens”
19
Q

Whiplash

A
  1. Hyperextension of cervical vertebrae
  2. Occurs when head “snaps back” as a result of sudden acceleration
  3. Commonly occurs in automobile accidents or athletic injuries
  4. Fracture of spinous process or herniated disk
  5. Posterior pressure on spinal cord
20
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  1. Long, thin spinous processes
  2. Long transverse processes
  3. First 10 have articular facets
  4. Facets on superior & inferior margins of the body connect ribs
21
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • Long, thin spinous processes directed inferiorly
  • Long transverse processes
  • Facets on body for articulation with ribs
22
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Large thick bodies
Heavy, rectangular spinous processes
Number may vary depending on sacrum fusions

23
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Large thick bodies
Heavy rectangular transverse and spinous processes
Superior articular facets face medially; inferior articular facets face laterally
- Adds strength
- Limits rotation

24
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A 
5 bones fused to form sacrum
Transverse processes fuse
Ala
- Superior surface
 Auricular surface
- Joins sacrum to pelvis
Coccyx
- tailbone
25
Q

Sacrum and Coccyx

A 
Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae
- Spinal nerves pass through foramen
Coccyx
- Tailbone 
- 3-5 fused bones
- Easily broken
26
Q

Rib cage

A 
12 pairs of ribs
7 true ribs
- Articulate with sternum
5 false ribs
- Do not attach to sternum
- Vertebrochondral ribs have common cartilage
27
Q

Sternum

A

Manubrium
- Articulates with first rib and clavicle
- Jugular notch superiorly
- Sternal angle: point where manubrium joins body. Second rib articulates here
Body: third through seventh ribs articulate
- Also called gladiolus
Xiphoid process: inferior tip

28
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A 
Shoulder girdle
Scapula or “shoulder blade”
- Acromion  process
Clavicle or “collar bone”
- Sigmoid curve
29
Q

Arm

A 
Humerus
Surgical neck
Greater & lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum: articulates with radius
Trochlea: articulates with ulna
30
Q

Arm (Humerus)

A 
Head
Neck: anatomic and surgical
Tubercles: greater and lesser
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum: rounded, articulates with radius
Trochlea: spool-shaped, articulates with ulna
Epicondyles
31
Q

Forearm

A 
Radius
- Thumb side
 Ulna
- Little finger side
Trochlear  notch
Olecranon: point of elbow
Head of ulna: articulates with radius & wrist
32
Q

Forearm (Radius and Ulna)

A 
Medial: thumb side
Proximal end
- Head rotates in radial notch of ulna. 
- Radial tuberosity: site of biceps brachii insertion
Distal end
- Articulates with carpals and ulna
- Styloid process
33
Q

Wrist

A

8 carpal bones
Proximal row (lateral to medial)
- Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, & pisiform
Distal row (lateral to medial)
- Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, & trapezium

34
Q

Hand

A

5 metacarpals attached to carpals
Phalanges attach to metacarpals
Thumb has 2 phalanges
Other fingers have 3 phalanges

35
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A 
Pelvic girdle
- Sacrum
- Right coxal bone
- Left coxal bone
Point of attachment for lower limbs
Acetabulum
- Point where lower limb articulates
36
Q

Coxal Bone

A 
Formed by fusion of
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
All three bones join near acetabulum
37
Q

Pelvis Comparison

A

Male pelvis
- More massive
Female pelvis
- Broader with larger pelvic inlet & outlet

38
Q

Thigh

A 
Femur
- Articulates with acetabulum
Greater & lesser trochanter
- Muscle attachment
Medial & lateral condyles
- Articulates with tibia
Patella or “kneecap”
- Sesamoid bone in tendon of quadriceps
39
Q

Leg

A 
Part of lower limb between knee & ankle
Tibia
- Longer and supports most weight
- shin
Fibula
- Does not articulate with femur
40
Q

Foot

A 
Talus: articulates with tibia & fibula
Calcaneous: heel bone
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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