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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > A&P Chapter 13 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • connects spinal cord to the brain

- consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and mid brain.

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2
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • most inferior portion of the brain stem
  • gray matter organized into nuclei (reflex center)
  • pyramids
    1. descending tracts involved in skeletal muscle.
    2. tracts crossover to other side
  • olives: balance, coordination, adn inner ear sound.
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3
Q

Pons

A
  • superior to the medulla oblongata-
  • ascending and descending tracts
  • pontine sleep center: REM sleep, actually recharges you
  • Pontine respiratory center: respiratory movements.
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4
Q

Midbrain

A
  • smallest region of brainstem
  • superior colliculi (looks like a butt)
    1. reflex of head,eyes, and body toward stimuli.
    2. receive touch and auditory input
  • inferior colliculi
    1. hearing and CNS auditory pathways
  • red nuclei
    1. unconscious motor activities
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5
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • loosely scattered nuclei in brain stem
  • receives signals from axons that innervate face
  • involved in cycles of activity
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6
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • posterior to pons
  • communicates with other regions of CNS
    1. superior peduncle: midbrain
    2. middle peduncle: pons
    3. inferior peduncle: medulla oblongata
  • folia: ridges in cerebellar cortex
  • purkinje cells: inhibitory neurons
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7
Q

Cerebellum-Flocculonodular lobe

A

balance and eye movement

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8
Q

Cerebellum- Vermis

A

posture, locomotion, and fine coordination ( helps to time things like swinging a bat)

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9
Q

Cerebellum- lateral hemispheres

A
  • divided into primary fissure into anterior and posterior lobes
  • planning, practicing, and learning complex movements
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10
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • between brainstem and cerebrum

- consists of thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.

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11
Q

Thalamus

A
  • largest part of diencephalon
  • sensory relay center of the brain
  • medial geniculate: auditory information
  • lateral geniculate: visual information
  • ventral posterior: sensory impulses
  • dorsal tier: pain
  • motor function: ventral anterior and ventral lateral nucleus
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12
Q

Thalamus

A
  • influences mood
  • anterior and medial nuclei: mood modification
  • lateral dorsal nuclei: regulating emotions
  • lateral posterior and pulvinar: sensory integration
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13
Q

Subthalamus

A
  • inferior to thalamus
  • ascending and descending tracts
  • subthalamic nuclei :involved in controlling motor function.
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14
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • superior and posterior thalamus
  • consists of habenula and pineal gland
  • habenula: responses to odor
  • pineal gland; contolling onset of puberty
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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • regulates pituitary secretions
  • stimulates sweating and shivering
  • infundibulum: connects hypothalamus to pituitary
  • mammilary bodies: responses to odor
  • receives inputs from internal organs, tongue, limbic system, and eyes
  • efferent fibers synapse with autonomic : regulates heart rate and digestion
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16
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest portion of the brain
  • logitudinal fissure: left and right hemispheres
  • gyri: folds which increase surface area( grooves are sulki)
  • hemispheres divided into lobes; named for skull bones
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17
Q

Frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor, motivation, aggression, smell, and mood

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A

receiving and evaluating sensory info

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19
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual input

20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

smell, hearing, and memory

21
Q

Structures of cerebrum

A

lateral fissure: separates temporal lobe from rest of cerebrum
cerebral cortex: gray matter
cerebral medulla: white matter

22
Q

Limbic system

A
  • basic survival
  • memory, reproduction(pheremones), and nutrition(hunger)
  • interpretation of sensory inputs
  • involved in emotion
23
Q

Basal nuclei

A
  • largest nuclei in the brain
  • functionality related nuclei: located in cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain
  • control of motor function
24
Q

Cerebral medulla

A
  • contains tracts that connect to CNS
  • association fibers: connect areas within same hemisphere.
  • commissural fibers: connects hemispheres; corpus callosum is the largest
  • projection fibers: connect cerebrum to other parts of the brain
25
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissue membranes

  1. Dura mater: superficial
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater: bound tightly to brain
26
Q

Dura mater

A

superficial and tightly bound to internal periosteum

27
Q

Arachnoid mater and subdural space

A
  • thin, wispy layer

- Subdural space: between dura and arachnoid: only a small amount of serous fluid within

28
Q

Pia mater and subarachnoid space

A

pia mater: thin, delicate C.T. membrane closely adhered to the brain: follows external contours.
subarachnoid space: contains web-like strands of arachnoid, blood vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid

29
Q

Ventricles

A
  • CNS forms as hollow tube
  • lined by ependymal cells(produce cerebrospinal fluid)
  • lateral ventricle: large cavity in cerebral hemisphere; fusion of 1st and 2nd ventricle
  • third ventricle: center of diencepalon between thalamus halves
30
Q

Intraventricular formina

A

lateral ventricles communicate with 3rd ventricle

31
Q

fourth ventricle

A

base of cerebellum

32
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

third ventricle communication with fourth

33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • protective cushion around the CNS
  • brain floats
  • provides protection from rapid head movements
  • provides some nutrients
  • choroid plexus: ependymal cells, support tissue, blood vessels
  • invaginations of pia mater
34
Q

Brain blood supply

A
  • brain has high metabolic rate
  • requires 15-20% blood pumped by the heart
  • interruptions can cause unconsciousness in seconds
  • internal carotid arteries: blood reaches brain; anterior lateral of the neck.
35
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs

- functions of sensory, somatic, and motor

36
Q

Olfactory (I) and optic(II)

A

smell and vision; exclusively sensory

37
Q

oculomotor (III)

A

eye and eyelid

38
Q

Trochlear nerves (IV)

A

eye movement

39
Q

Trigeminal (V)

A

mastication, middle ear, and throat

40
Q

Abducens (VI)

A

eyeball movement

41
Q

Facial (VII)

A

facial expressions, middle ear, and hyoid. Sense of taste for tongue.

42
Q

Vestibulocochlear( VIII)

A

hearing and balance

43
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

pharynx and salivary glands, taste, sensory info from carotid arteries.

44
Q

Vagus (X)

A
  • soft palate, pharynx and larynx

- sensory from aortic arch

45
Q

Accesory nerve(XI)

A

sternocledomastoid and trapezius

46
Q

Hypoglossal (XIII)

A

tongue, thyrohyoid, geniohyoid.

47
Q

VAgus

A
  • vagus nerve innervates many internal organs
  • vagus runs behind the liver
  • brain shuts down innervations to lower limbs.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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