A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards
The cranial nerve (XI) that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles; also referred to as the spinal accessory nerve
Accessory Nerve
One of two adrenergic receptors classified into two structural and functional categories; they are further subdivided into beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors
Beta Receptors
A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called acetylcholine
Cholinergic
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the body’s response to shock and stress
Sympathetic Pathway
Neurons with no myelin sheath or white matter
Unmyelinated Axons
A needle insertion through the vertebral canal into the subarachnoid space to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid
Lumbar Puncture
One of the major nerves in the upper extremity, it supplies muscles that extend the elbow, supinate the forearm, and extend the wrist, fingers, and thumb
Radial Nerve
A withdrawal reflex in the flexor muscles of the limbs that contracts in response to an unpleasant stimulation
Flexor Reflex
An area of skin that corresponds to the sensory distribution of a specific cranial or spinal nerve
Dermatome
Brain damage typically resulting from a disruption of the circulation to the brain, causing abnormal neurologic findings
Stroke
The first of two nerves, separated by a ganglionic synapse, in a series between the central nervous system and the organs that are innervated
Preganglionic Neuron
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement
Brain
Ascending fiber tracts that carry information to the brain about light touch, pressure, and tickling and itching sensations
Anterior Spinothalamic Tracts
Nervous tissue that connects the nervous system with body parts or organs
Nerve
The 31 pairs of nerves responsible for sending and receiving sensory and motor messages to and from the central nervous system from a portion of the body
Spinal Nerves
The portion of the brain that is responsible for the processing of visual information
Occipital Lobe
A needle insertion through the vertebral canal to the subarachnoid space to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid
Spinal Tap
Fibers that carry sensory information from the periphery to the brain; also called afferent tracts
Ascending Tracts
Grooves located between the gyri in the cerebrum
Sulci
The middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid
Nerves that send information to the brain; also called sensory nerves
Afferent Nerves
Pathways within the spinal cord that contain nerves
Tracts
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic Nervous System
A hemorrhage into the brain tissue beneath the arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Vesicles that contain neurotransmitters
Synaptic Vesicles
The end of a nerve where electrical impulses are received from the synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic Terminal
The part of the diencephalon that processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements, especially those associated with fear or rage
Thalamus
Ascending tracts that carry information to the brain about pain and temperature
Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts
The outermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it is the toughest membrane
Dura Mater
The target tissues of the autonomic nervous system
Neuroeffector Cells
An axon surrounded by a membrane sheath produced by Schwann cells
Myelinated Nerves
An agent that blocks transmission of neural impulses at the neuromuscular junction
Curare
The nerve in the arms that innervates muscles that flex the wrist and fingers and abduct and adduct the fingers and thumb
Ulnar Nerve
Nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system
Sensory Nerves
Openings between successive vertebrae through which nerves exit the vertebral column
Intervertebral Foramen
The cranial nerve (II) that transmits visual information to the brain. This is the only one of the cranial nerves considered to be part of the central nervous system
Optic Nerve
The inferior portion of the diencephalon of the brain that is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems; it controls many body functions, including emotional activity, pulse rate, digestion, sexual development, body temperature, hunger, thirst, and the regulation of the sleep cycle
Hypothalamus
Numerous individual nerve roots that extend from the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebrae
Cauda Equina
A membrane formed by Schwann cells, which cover the axons of certain neurons
Myelin Sheath
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous System
A nerve emanating from the lumbosacral plexus that innervates muscles that adduct the thigh and rotate it medially
Obturator Nerve
The cranial nerve (IX) that supplies motor fibers to the pharyngeal muscle, provides taste sensation to the posterior portion of the tongue, and carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The largest portion of the brain, it controls the higher thought processes; also called the cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
The cranial nerve (VIII) that passes through the internal auditory meatus and transmits information important to the senses of hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
The cranial nerve (VI) that supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball (lateral movement)
Abducens Nerve
The portion of the olfactory nerve formed by the olfactory tract that lines on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and is penetrated by nerve fibers that provide information about smell from the nose
Olfactory Bulb
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body; it lies inside of and is protected by the spinal cord
Spinal Cord
A short canal through which auditory and facial nerves pass
Internal Auditory Meatus
Nerves that carry commands from the brain to the muscle; also called efferent nerves
Motor Nerves
Structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure
Limbic System
Several structures located throughout the brain stem that are responsible for maintenance of consciousness
Ascending Reticular Activating System
A ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve
Dorsal Root Ganglion
One of two roots of a spinal nerve that is formed from six to eight rootlets
Ventral Root
The portion of the brain that plays an important role in hearing and memory
Temporal Lobe
A major nerve of the leg, providing sensation to the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot and motor activity to hip extensors, knee flexors, ankle dorsiflexors, and toe extensors
Common Peroneal Nerve
A combination of the lumbar plexus, the sacral plexus, and the coccygeal root
Lumbosacral Plexus
Subdivisions within each hemisphere of the cerebrum; each shares the name of the bone of the skull that overlies it
Lobes
The end of a nerve where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
Presynaptic Terminal
Location where approximately half of the nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain
Optic Chiasm
The portion of the brain that is important in voluntary motor actions and personality traits
Frontal Lobe
A component and branch of the common peroneal nerve that innervates the muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes
Deep Peroneal Nerve
Complex networks made up by the combination of the main portions of the spinal nerves
Plexuses
One of three bands of nerve fibers through which the cerebellum communicates with other regions of the central nervous system
Cerebellar Peduncles
Descending tracts that are involved in involuntary body movements
Reticulospinal Tracts
The part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
A common class of cardiac drugs that blocks beta effects, causing a decrease in the workload of the heart by reducing the speed of contraction, as well as reducing blood pressure
Beta-Blockers
One of two roots of a spinal nerve that passes posteriorly into the spinal cord and contains the dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal Root
The parts of the optic nerve that arise at the base of the brain, forming the optic chiasm
Optic Tracts
A type of receptor that is associated with the sympathetic nerves and is stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenergic Receptors
The brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper lid
Oculomotor Nerve
Fibers that carry motor impulses from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system; also called efferent tracts
Descending Tracts
Collections of nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system
Ganglia
The cranial nerve (XII) that provides motor function to the muscles of the tongue and throat
Hypoglossal Nerve
Receptors at the target tissue that are stimulated by acetylcholine and can also be stimulated in the laboratory by the compound extracted from muscarine mushrooms
Muscarinic Receptors
The nerve in the leg that innervates the muscles of foot eversion
Superficial Peroneal Nerve
The plexus of spinal nerves that consists of nerves C5 to T1 and innervates the shoulder and upper extremity
Brachial Plexus
The cranial nerve (X) that provides motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx and carries taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs
Vagus Nerve
The openings through which the optic nerves pass to reach each eyeball
Optic Foramina
A subdivision of the nervous system that operates without conscious control and regulates the function of the internal organs, glands, and smooth muscle; comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Autonomic Nervous System
Small nerves
Rootlets
Bundles of myelinated nerves
White Matter
The numerous folds in the cerebrum, which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex
Gyri
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release epinephrine and norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal Glands
The crevasse that separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
Longitudinal Fissure
The nerve in the brachial plexus that innervates the pronator muscles of the forearm, as well as those that flex the wrist, fingers, and thumb
Median Nerve
The second of two nerves, separated by a ganglionic synapse, in a series between the central nervous system and the organs that are innervated
Postganglionic Neuron
A drug that blocks acetylcholine at the neuroeffector synapse
Parasympathetic-Blocking Drug
The nerve in the leg that innervates the muscles that extend the hip, flex the knee, plantar flex the ankle, and flex the toes
Tibial Nerve
The portion of the brain that is the site for reception and evaluation of most sensory information, except smell, hearing, and vision
Parietal Lobe
Part of the epithalamus in the diencephalon
Pineal Body
Descending tracts that are involved in involuntary body movements
Vestibulospinal Tracts
Automatic reactions to stimuli mediated by neuronal pathways within the spinal cord that occur without conscious thought
Spinal Reflex Arcs
The space located between the pia mater and the arachnoid in which the cerebrospinal fluid is contained
Subarachnoid Space
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
Brainstem
The innermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it rests directly on the brain and spinal cord
Pia Mater
The cranial nerve (IV) that innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, which controls a downward gaze
Trochlear Nerve
The muscle that controls the downward gaze of the eyeball
Superior Oblique Muscle
Structures located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain that play an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture
Basal Ganglia
Pain and muscle weakness that travels from the back, into the buttocks, and along the leg into the foot as a result of irritation of the sciatic nerve or a lumbar spinal nerve root
Sciatica
Part of the diencephalon with functions related to emotions, circadian rhythms, and connecting the limbic system with other parts of the brain
Epithalamus
Receptors in the postganglionic neuron that can be stimulated in the laboratory by the alkaloid nicotine
Nicotinic Receptors
The inferior portion of the midbrain, which serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts
Medulla
The largest portion of the brain that controls the higher thought processes, including control of movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality; also called the cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
Nervous tissue that helps form the myelin sheath around certain neurons
Schwann Cells
Information about the body’s position and of its parts in relation to itself, to one another, and to the pull of gravity
Proprioception
The portion of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 11 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these nerves may be sensory, motor, or connecting nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
The bony canal formed by vertebrae that houses and protects the spinal cord
Vertebral Canal
An episode of neurologic impairment that lasts less than 24 hours and represents a warning sign of an impending stroke
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
The cranial nerve (VII) that supplies motor activity to all muscles of facial expression, the sense of taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue, and cutaneous sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate
Facial Nerve
The cranial nerve (V) that supplies sensation to the scalp, forehead, face, and lower jaw and innervates the muscles of mastication, the throat, and the inner ear
Trigeminal Nerve
The 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base of the brain
Cranial Nerves
Nerves that carry commands from the brain to peripheral muscles; also called motor nerves
Efferent Nerves
The longest peripheral nerve in the body, formed by the combination of the common peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve
Sciatic Nerve
The cranial nerve (I) that transmits information about the sense of smell
Olfactory Nerve
Specialized cells within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid Plexus
The part of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes the body
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The part of the diencephalon that is involved in controlling motor functions
Subthalamus
Description of a neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
Adrenergic
Regions between individual Schwann cells in myelinated neurons, between which action potentials jump
Nodes of Ranvier
A layer of grey matter located in the midbrain
Substantia Nigra
Groups of nerve cells that are bundled together
Nerve Fibers
The branch of the lumbosacral plexus that innervates the muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee
Femoral Nerve
Descending tracts that coordinate movements, especially of the hands
Corticospinal Tracts
A group of drugs derived from curare that are used in anesthesia to induce muscle relaxation
Neuromuscular Blockers
An inflammation of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, usually caused by infection
Meningitis
The part of the olfactory nerve that arises at the base of the brain
Olfactory Tract
One of the major nerves emanating from the brachial plexus; it supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles, enabling arm abduction and lateral rotation
Axillary Nerve
The separation between two nerves (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons), that serves to connect the central nervous system and the organs innervated
Ganglionic Synapse
A nerve in the upper extremity that innervates muscles that flex the shoulder and elbow
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Ascending tracts that carry information regarding body position (proprioception) to the cerebellum
Spinocerebellar Tracts
One of two adrenergic receptors classified into two structural and functional categories; they are further subdivided into alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors
Alpha Receptors
