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Ellis County Paramedic Students > A&P Chapter 6 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

An alpha globulin made in the liver that is converted to thrombin

A

Prothrombin

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2
Q

The portion of the electric conduction system in the interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches

A

Bundle of His

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3
Q

A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

A

Bilirubin

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4
Q

Cells that protect the body against disease, particularly infectious disease; also called leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

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5
Q

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

A

Aortic Valve

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6
Q

Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae

A

Papillary Muscles

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7
Q

A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue

A

Cardiac Conduction System

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8
Q

Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot

A

Hemostasis

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9
Q

A chemical found in mast cells that, when released, causes vasodilation, capillary leaking, and bronchiole constriction

A

Histamine

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10
Q

Blockage of one or more of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium

A

Myocardial Infarction

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11
Q

Substances or molecules that, when taken into the body, stimulate an immune system response and cause formation of specific protective proteins called antibodies

A

Antigens

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12
Q

A serious condition that results when a pregnant woman’s blood type is incompatible with the fetus’s blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus’s red blood cells

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

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13
Q

Incomplete cells important in blood clotting; also called platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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14
Q

White blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response; make up approximately 1% of leukocytes

A

Basophils

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15
Q

The vein that forms when the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee

A

Popliteal Vein

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16
Q

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

A

Circumflex Coronary Artery

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17
Q

Infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain

A

Pericarditis

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18
Q

A white insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen in the clotting process

A

Fibrin

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19
Q

The proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder

A

Subclavian Artery

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20
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system; also called adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

Lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies that bind and destroy foreign antigens; they exist in the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen

A

B Cells

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22
Q

The dominant pacemaker of the heart, located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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23
Q

A life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly

A

Pericardiocentesis

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24
Q

Deflections of the ECG produced by ventricular depolarization

A

QRS Complex

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25
Q

The two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand

A

Palmar Arches

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26
Q

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary Valve

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27
Q

Insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site

A

Ischemia

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28
Q

The upper Chambers of the heart; they receive blood returning to the heart

A

Atria

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29
Q

Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

A

Chemoreceptors

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30
Q

Blood clots

A

Thrombi

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31
Q

A naturally occuring clot-dissolving enzyme, usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen

A

Plasmin

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32
Q

An opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter

A

Carotid Canals

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33
Q

A process by which leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most

A

Diapedesis

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34
Q

The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle

A

Inotropic Effect

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35
Q

The heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid Valve

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36
Q

An abnormal heart sound, heard as “whooshing,” indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart

A

Heart Murmur

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37
Q

The veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs

A

Hepatic Veins

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38
Q

Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart

A

Coronary Sinus

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39
Q

Restriction of cardiac contraction, failing cardiac output, and shock, caused by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardium

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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40
Q

The flaps that comprise the heart valves

A

Cusps

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41
Q

Pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis

A

Mesenteric Angina

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42
Q

One of the three described portions of the aorta; the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

A

Aortic Arch

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43
Q

A property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses

A

Excitability

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44
Q

Cells that develop from the monocytes that provide some of the body’s first line of defense in the inflammatory process

A

Macrophages

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45
Q

White blood cells that are one of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen/antibody complexes, and foreign matter

A

Neutrophils

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46
Q

The latter phase of repolarization in which the cells are able to respond to a stronger-than-normal stimulus

A

Relative Refractory Period

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47
Q

An important element of the fibrinolytic system; causes clots that have already formed to lyse or be disrupted; works by converting plasminogen to plasmin

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

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48
Q

The complex arrangement of tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

A

Circulatory System

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49
Q

The two main veins that drain the head and neck

A

Jugular Veins

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50
Q

Spaces between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain

A

Venous Sinuses

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51
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium that lines closely against the heart; also called the epicardium

A

Visceral Layer

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52
Q

A lower than normal hemoglobin or erythrocyte level

A

Anemia

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53
Q

Cells resembling basophils that are formed in response to allergens. When allergens attach to antigens on the surface, the cells release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphylaxis

A

Mast Cells

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54
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses

A

Conductivity

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55
Q

One of two layers of the serous pericardium; it is separated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid

A

Parietal Layer

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56
Q

The upright, flat, or inverted wave following the QRS complex of the ECG, representing ventricular repolarization

A

T-Wave

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57
Q

An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant

A

Electrical Potential

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58
Q

A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen

A

Hepatic Portal System

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59
Q

White blood cells with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; make up approximately 1% to 3% of leukocytes

A

Eosinophils

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60
Q

A molecular (ion-transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium moved in

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

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61
Q

The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts

A

Ejection Fraction

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62
Q

An abnormal whooshing sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a narrowed blood vessel; usually heard in the carotid arteries

A

Bruit

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63
Q

Infection of a heart valve

A

Endocarditis

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64
Q

The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow; also called hemopoiesis

A

Hematopoiesis

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65
Q

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

A

Anterior Descending (LAD) Coronary Artery

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66
Q

A heartbeat; each consists of ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

A

Cardiac Cycle

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67
Q

Blockage of a mesenteric artery, resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel

A

Mesenteric Infarction

68
Q

The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries

A

Carotid Bifurcation

69
Q

Leukocytes that lack granules

A

Agranulocytes

70
Q

The mass of nerve fibers located below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata that regulate sleep and respiration

A

Pons

71
Q

Veins that branch out and drain blood from the myocardial capillaries to join the coronary sinus

A

Cardiac Veins

72
Q

The first wave in the ECG complex, representing depolarization of the ventricles

A

P-Wave

73
Q

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart

A

Ventricles

74
Q

An interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain

A

Circle of Willis

75
Q

One of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein

A

Basilic Vein

76
Q

The mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular Valves

77
Q

The first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries

A

Ascending Aorta

78
Q

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

A

Stroke Volume

79
Q

Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis

A

Baroreceptors

80
Q

White blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection

A

Leukocytes

81
Q

One of the three portions of the aorta; it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis

A

Descending Aorta

82
Q

The action of a muscle contraction in a small blood vessel that occurs after it is cut or broken; this action can completely close the ends of a severed vessel

A

Vasospasm

83
Q

An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but normally closes shortly after birth

A

Foramen Ovale

84
Q

The proximal part of the main vein of the arm, which unites with the internal jugular vein and terminates at the superior vena cava

A

Subclavian Vein

85
Q

A slight dilation of the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure

A

Carotid Sinus

86
Q

A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction

A

Pericardial Fluid

87
Q

The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries nand consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A

Blood

88
Q

The effect of the rate of contraction of the heart

A

Chronotropic Effect

89
Q

An inflammatory disease caused by streptococcal bacterial infection that can cause a stenosis of the mitral valve or aortic valve

A

Rheumatic Fever

90
Q

Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients

A

Coronary Arteries

91
Q

A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot

A

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

92
Q

A pathologic disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and inelastic

A

Arteriosclerosis

93
Q

The inner membrane of the pericardium, which contains two layers called the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

A

Serous Pericardium

94
Q

The vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavian vein

A

Axillary Vein

95
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart

A

Inferior Vena Cava

96
Q

The valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

A

Mitral Valve

97
Q

The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body; the largest artery in the body

A

Aorta

98
Q

Subdivisions of arteries that are thinner and have muscles in their walls that are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Arterioles

99
Q

A continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein

A

Femoral Vein

100
Q

The artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum

A

Basilar Artery

101
Q

A continuation of the femoral artery at the knee

A

Popliteal Artery

102
Q

The white blood cells responsible for a large part of the body’s immune protection

A

Lymphocytes

103
Q

Spasms that develop in the digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips

A

Raynaud Phenomenon

104
Q

The state of the resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge with respect to the outside of the cell

A

Polarized State

105
Q

The relaxation of blood vessels, which increases their diameter

A

Vasodilation

106
Q

The early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize

A

Absolute Refractory Period

107
Q

The percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

108
Q

The arteries and arterioles, which send oxygenated blood and nutrients to the body cells while removing wastes

A

Systemic Circuit

109
Q

Stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states

A

Beta Effect

110
Q

The blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart

A

Veins

111
Q

The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls of the coronary arteries

A

Coronary Artery Disease

112
Q

The inside opening of a vessel such as an artery, vein, capillary, or hollow structure

A

Lumen

113
Q

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood

A

Afterload

114
Q

Disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissues; also known as red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

115
Q

The formation of a blood clot

A

Coagulation

116
Q

A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow

A

Embolus

117
Q

The heart muscle

A

Myocardium

118
Q

The smallest of plasma proteins; they make up about 60% of these proteins by weight

A

Albumins

119
Q

One of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein

A

Cephalic Vein

120
Q

Immunoglobulins; proteins secreted by certain immune cells that react against foreign antigens in the body by binding to the antigens, making them more visible to the immune system

A

Antibodies

121
Q

The part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

122
Q

Related to the effect of the heart’s conduction rate

A

Dromotropic Effect

123
Q

Granulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection

A

Monocytes

124
Q

The strength of heart muscle contraction

A

Contractility

125
Q

The contraction of blood vessels, which decreases their diameter

A

Vasoconstriction

126
Q

A disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls

A

Atherosclerosis

127
Q

A part of the hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs

A

Sinusoids

128
Q

A naturally occuring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug

A

Norepinephrine

129
Q

The interval between the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the T-Wave; often elevated or depressed with respect to the isoelectric line when there is significant myocardial ischemia

A

ST Segment

130
Q

A plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation

A

Fibrinogen

131
Q

A specialized structure located in the AV junction that slow conduction through the AV junction

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

132
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate per minute

A

Cardiac Output

133
Q

The most abundant solutes (dissolved substances) in the plasma

A

Plasma Proteins

134
Q

A cancerous condition in which certain white blood cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues

A

Leukemia

135
Q

The muscular, thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

136
Q

An enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plug, forming the final mature clot

A

Thrombin

137
Q

The two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that divide the heart from the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

Semilunar Valves

138
Q

A continuation of the veins of the feet that unite at the knee to form the popliteal vein, which then drains into the femoral vein

A

Tibial Veins

139
Q

The longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot

A

Saphenous Vein

140
Q

A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus

A

Fossa Ovalis

141
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

A

Superior Vena Cava

142
Q

Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction

A

Alpha Effect

143
Q

The arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain

A

Cerebral Arteries

144
Q

Inflammation of the wall of the vein, sometimes caused by an IV line, manifested by tenderness, redness, and slight edema along part of the length of the vein

A

Phlebitis

145
Q

Tiny, disk-shaped cell fragments that are much smaller than the red or white blood cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

A

Platelets

146
Q

Microscopic vessels that link capillaries to veins

A

Venules

147
Q

A type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope

A

Granulocytes

148
Q

A yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood

A

Jaundice

149
Q

Specialized lymphocytes that make up the majority of circulated blood lymphocytes. Once activated, they interact directly with antigens to produce the cellular immune response; they also stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

A

T Cells

150
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

A

Heart

151
Q

A substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting

A

Heparin

152
Q

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion; normally makes up 55% of the total blood volume

A

Plasma

153
Q

A solid, wall-like structure that separates the left atrium and ventricle from the right atrium and ventricle

A

Septum

154
Q

The principal arteries of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. They supply circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdominal wall, and knee

A

Femoral Arteries

155
Q

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

A

Tunica Media

156
Q

A blood clot or foreign matter trapped within the pulmonary circulation

A

Pulmonary Embolism

157
Q

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

A

Chordae Tendineae

158
Q

The period between the beginning of the P wave (atrial depolarization) and the onset of the QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), signifying the time required for atrial depolarization and passage of the excitation impulse through the atrioventricular junction

A

PR Segment

159
Q

The period of time when the atria or ventricles are contracting

A

Systole

160
Q

The venules and veins, which send deoxygenated blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and unload carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary Circuit

161
Q

A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

162
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium that lines closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

163
Q

A state in which the cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within

A

Automaticity

164
Q

Cells that transport gases, including oxygen; also called erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

165
Q

The process by which red blood cells are made

A

Erythropoiesis

166
Q

Thin-walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into the cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from the cells into the capillaries

A

Capillaries

Ellis County Paramedic Students (12 decks)

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