A&P Chapter 6 Flashcards
An alpha globulin made in the liver that is converted to thrombin
Prothrombin
The portion of the electric conduction system in the interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches
Bundle of His
A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver
Bilirubin
Cells that protect the body against disease, particularly infectious disease; also called leukocytes
White Blood Cells
The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
Aortic Valve
Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae
Papillary Muscles
A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue
Cardiac Conduction System
Control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot
Hemostasis
A chemical found in mast cells that, when released, causes vasodilation, capillary leaking, and bronchiole constriction
Histamine
Blockage of one or more of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium
Myocardial Infarction
Substances or molecules that, when taken into the body, stimulate an immune system response and cause formation of specific protective proteins called antibodies
Antigens
A serious condition that results when a pregnant woman’s blood type is incompatible with the fetus’s blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus’s red blood cells
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Incomplete cells important in blood clotting; also called platelets
Thrombocytes
White blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response; make up approximately 1% of leukocytes
Basophils
The vein that forms when the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee
Popliteal Vein
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
Circumflex Coronary Artery
Infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain
Pericarditis
A white insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen in the clotting process
Fibrin
The proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder
Subclavian Artery
Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system; also called adrenaline
Epinephrine
Lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies that bind and destroy foreign antigens; they exist in the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen
B Cells
The dominant pacemaker of the heart, located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
A life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly
Pericardiocentesis
Deflections of the ECG produced by ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
The two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand
Palmar Arches
The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Valve
Insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site
Ischemia
The upper Chambers of the heart; they receive blood returning to the heart
Atria
Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time
Chemoreceptors
Blood clots
Thrombi
A naturally occuring clot-dissolving enzyme, usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen
Plasmin
An opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter
Carotid Canals
A process by which leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most
Diapedesis
The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle
Inotropic Effect
The heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
An abnormal heart sound, heard as “whooshing,” indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart
Heart Murmur
The veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs
Hepatic Veins
Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart
Coronary Sinus
Restriction of cardiac contraction, failing cardiac output, and shock, caused by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardium
Cardiac Tamponade
The flaps that comprise the heart valves
Cusps
Pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis
Mesenteric Angina
One of the three described portions of the aorta; the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
Aortic Arch
A property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses
Excitability
Cells that develop from the monocytes that provide some of the body’s first line of defense in the inflammatory process
Macrophages
White blood cells that are one of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen/antibody complexes, and foreign matter
Neutrophils
The latter phase of repolarization in which the cells are able to respond to a stronger-than-normal stimulus
Relative Refractory Period
An important element of the fibrinolytic system; causes clots that have already formed to lyse or be disrupted; works by converting plasminogen to plasmin
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
The complex arrangement of tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory System
The two main veins that drain the head and neck
Jugular Veins
Spaces between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain
Venous Sinuses
The layer of the serous pericardium that lines closely against the heart; also called the epicardium
Visceral Layer
A lower than normal hemoglobin or erythrocyte level
Anemia
Cells resembling basophils that are formed in response to allergens. When allergens attach to antigens on the surface, the cells release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphylaxis
Mast Cells
The ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses
Conductivity
One of two layers of the serous pericardium; it is separated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid
Parietal Layer
The upright, flat, or inverted wave following the QRS complex of the ECG, representing ventricular repolarization
T-Wave
An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant
Electrical Potential
A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen
Hepatic Portal System
White blood cells with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack; make up approximately 1% to 3% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
A molecular (ion-transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium moved in
Sodium-Potassium Pump
The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts
Ejection Fraction
An abnormal whooshing sound indicating turbulent blood flow within a narrowed blood vessel; usually heard in the carotid arteries
Bruit
Infection of a heart valve
Endocarditis
The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow; also called hemopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
Anterior Descending (LAD) Coronary Artery
A heartbeat; each consists of ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
Cardiac Cycle
Blockage of a mesenteric artery, resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel
Mesenteric Infarction
The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries
Carotid Bifurcation
Leukocytes that lack granules
Agranulocytes
The mass of nerve fibers located below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata that regulate sleep and respiration
Pons
Veins that branch out and drain blood from the myocardial capillaries to join the coronary sinus
Cardiac Veins
The first wave in the ECG complex, representing depolarization of the ventricles
P-Wave
The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart
Ventricles
An interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain
Circle of Willis
One of the two major veins of the arm; it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein
Basilic Vein
The mitral and tricuspid valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
Atrioventricular Valves
The first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries
Ascending Aorta
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke Volume
Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis
Baroreceptors
White blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection
Leukocytes
One of the three portions of the aorta; it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis
Descending Aorta
The action of a muscle contraction in a small blood vessel that occurs after it is cut or broken; this action can completely close the ends of a severed vessel
Vasospasm
An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but normally closes shortly after birth
Foramen Ovale
The proximal part of the main vein of the arm, which unites with the internal jugular vein and terminates at the superior vena cava
Subclavian Vein
A slight dilation of the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure
Carotid Sinus
A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction
Pericardial Fluid
The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries nand consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Blood
The effect of the rate of contraction of the heart
Chronotropic Effect
An inflammatory disease caused by streptococcal bacterial infection that can cause a stenosis of the mitral valve or aortic valve
Rheumatic Fever
Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
Coronary Arteries
A continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
A pathologic disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and inelastic
Arteriosclerosis
The inner membrane of the pericardium, which contains two layers called the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Serous Pericardium
The vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins; it drains into the subclavian vein
Axillary Vein
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior Vena Cava
The valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Mitral Valve
The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body; the largest artery in the body
Aorta
Subdivisions of arteries that are thinner and have muscles in their walls that are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
Arterioles
A continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein
Femoral Vein
The artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum
Basilar Artery
A continuation of the femoral artery at the knee
Popliteal Artery
The white blood cells responsible for a large part of the body’s immune protection
Lymphocytes
Spasms that develop in the digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips
Raynaud Phenomenon
The state of the resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge with respect to the outside of the cell
Polarized State
The relaxation of blood vessels, which increases their diameter
Vasodilation
The early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize
Absolute Refractory Period
The percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells
Hematocrit
The arteries and arterioles, which send oxygenated blood and nutrients to the body cells while removing wastes
Systemic Circuit
Stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states
Beta Effect
The blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart
Veins
The condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls of the coronary arteries
Coronary Artery Disease
The inside opening of a vessel such as an artery, vein, capillary, or hollow structure
Lumen
The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood
Afterload
Disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissues; also known as red blood cells
Erythrocytes
The formation of a blood clot
Coagulation
A piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow
Embolus
The heart muscle
Myocardium
The smallest of plasma proteins; they make up about 60% of these proteins by weight
Albumins
One of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein
Cephalic Vein
Immunoglobulins; proteins secreted by certain immune cells that react against foreign antigens in the body by binding to the antigens, making them more visible to the immune system
Antibodies
The part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance
Cerebellum
Related to the effect of the heart’s conduction rate
Dromotropic Effect
Granulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection
Monocytes
The strength of heart muscle contraction
Contractility
The contraction of blood vessels, which decreases their diameter
Vasoconstriction
A disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
A part of the hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs
Sinusoids
A naturally occuring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug
Norepinephrine
The interval between the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the T-Wave; often elevated or depressed with respect to the isoelectric line when there is significant myocardial ischemia
ST Segment
A plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation
Fibrinogen
A specialized structure located in the AV junction that slow conduction through the AV junction
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate per minute
Cardiac Output
The most abundant solutes (dissolved substances) in the plasma
Plasma Proteins
A cancerous condition in which certain white blood cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues
Leukemia
The muscular, thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
An enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plug, forming the final mature clot
Thrombin
The two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that divide the heart from the aorta and pulmonary artery
Semilunar Valves
A continuation of the veins of the feet that unite at the knee to form the popliteal vein, which then drains into the femoral vein
Tibial Veins
The longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot
Saphenous Vein
A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus
Fossa Ovalis
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Superior Vena Cava
Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction
Alpha Effect
The arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain
Cerebral Arteries
Inflammation of the wall of the vein, sometimes caused by an IV line, manifested by tenderness, redness, and slight edema along part of the length of the vein
Phlebitis
Tiny, disk-shaped cell fragments that are much smaller than the red or white blood cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
Microscopic vessels that link capillaries to veins
Venules
A type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope
Granulocytes
A yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice
Specialized lymphocytes that make up the majority of circulated blood lymphocytes. Once activated, they interact directly with antigens to produce the cellular immune response; they also stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
T Cells
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
A substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting
Heparin
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion; normally makes up 55% of the total blood volume
Plasma
A solid, wall-like structure that separates the left atrium and ventricle from the right atrium and ventricle
Septum
The principal arteries of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. They supply circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdominal wall, and knee
Femoral Arteries
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica Media
A blood clot or foreign matter trapped within the pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary Embolism
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae Tendineae
The period between the beginning of the P wave (atrial depolarization) and the onset of the QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), signifying the time required for atrial depolarization and passage of the excitation impulse through the atrioventricular junction
PR Segment
The period of time when the atria or ventricles are contracting
Systole
The venules and veins, which send deoxygenated blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
Pulmonary Circuit
A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
The layer of the serous pericardium that lines closely against the heart; also called the visceral pericardium
Epicardium
A state in which the cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within
Automaticity
Cells that transport gases, including oxygen; also called erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
The process by which red blood cells are made
Erythropoiesis
Thin-walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into the cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from the cells into the capillaries
Capillaries
