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Ellis County Paramedic Students > A&P Chapter 10 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

A hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying

A

Gastrin

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2
Q

Two muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into and out of the esophagus

A

Esophageal Sphincters

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3
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

A

Carboxypeptidase

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4
Q

A hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric motility

A

Cholecystokinin

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5
Q

A specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from the stomach and intestine through the liver for processing

A

Hepatoportal System

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6
Q

The name given to the substance that leaves the stomach once food is digested; it is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids

A

Chyme

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7
Q

Digestion of food by enzymes in the stomach and small bowel

A

Chemical Digestion

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8
Q

The presence of gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

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9
Q

Related to digestion, it is a thick liquid that binds food particles and lubricates them during swallowing

A

Mucus

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10
Q

Rings of muscle that surround an opening, allowing for contraction or closing

A

Sphincters

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11
Q

Weakened areas (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon

A

Diverticuli

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12
Q

The innermost lining of the lumen of each portion of the alimentary canal; rich in glands, lymphatic tissue, and blood vessels

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

The muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

A

Adventitia

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14
Q

An appendage attached to the end of the cecum that contains large numbers of lymph nodules

A

Vermiform Appendix

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15
Q

The primary enzyme in saliva

A

Salivary Amylase

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16
Q

One pair of the three sets of salivary glands; located beneath the tongue

A

Sublingual Glands

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17
Q

The enzyme formed from the exposure of pepsinogen to hydrochloric acid in the stomach that is important in the initial breakdown of proteins

A

Pepsin

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18
Q

Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called invaginations

A

Gastric Pits

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19
Q

The duct through which digestive enzymes pass on their way through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater

A

Pancreatic Duct

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20
Q

The chemical substance produced by parietal cells in the stomach that is important in the absorption of vitamin B 12

A

Intrinsic Factor

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21
Q

A cavity created by a double fold of mesentery, which extends inferiorly from the stomach

A

Omental Bursa

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22
Q

The body system that carries out the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion; also called the gastrointestinal system

A

Digestive System

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23
Q

One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the splenic flexure

A

Transverse Colon

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24
Q

Recesses in the colon caused by contractions of the teniae coli

A

Haustra

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25
Q

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of resulting nutrients by the body’s cells

A

Digestion

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26
Q

The bottom of a hollow organ. In the stomach, it is the portion that balloons superior to the cardiac portion to act as a temporary storage area

A

Fundus

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27
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that AIDS in the digestion of proteins

A

Trypsin

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28
Q

Intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum

A

Peyer Patches

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29
Q

The motion that results in the passage of substances through the digestive tract

A

Motility

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30
Q

A weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn

A

Hiatal Hernia

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31
Q

Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the small intestine

A

Segmentation

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32
Q

Parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs

A

Mesenteries

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33
Q

A smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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34
Q

Sensation often caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called reflux esophagitis

A

Heartburn

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35
Q

Opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain

A

Ampulla of Vater

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36
Q

A portion of the gastrointestinal system that extends from the small intestine to the rectum and maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called the colon

A

Large Intestine

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37
Q

Thick folds of the stomach wall

A

Rugae

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38
Q

The distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body

A

Anus

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39
Q

A portion of the gastrointestinal system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called the large intestine

A

Colon

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40
Q

The last portion of the small intestine, which extends from the jejunum to the ileocecal valve at the beginning of the large intestine

A

Ileum

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41
Q

The short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincters (internal and external), which help regulate the passage of stool

A

Anal Canal

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42
Q

A digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

A

Bile

43
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

44
Q

The fluid produced by the salivary glands that helps break down starches and other polysaccharides into simple sugars, washes the oral cavity, and helps weaken bacteria

A

Saliva

45
Q

The sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and the jejunum

A

Duodenojejunal Flexure

46
Q

An enzyme produced by the chief cells in the stomach that is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid

A

Pepsinogen

47
Q

Finger-like projections in the plicae circulares

A

Villi

48
Q

A condition in which parts of the stomach and duodenal lining are eroded by stomach acid

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

49
Q

Pancreatic enzymes that break down fat

A

Lipases

50
Q

Rigid stones formed by digestive enzymes within the gallbladder

A

Gallstones

51
Q

The junction between the ileum and large intestine

A

Ileocecal Junction

52
Q

The first of three sections of the small intestine; it extends posteriorly from the stomach and forms a 180° arch within the retroperitoneal portion of the abdomen

A

Duodenum

53
Q

An expandable organ that is located in the left upper quadrant, below the diaphragm

A

Stomach

54
Q

System composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food; also called the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) System

55
Q

The process of contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the alimentary tract that serves to propel food through the system

A

Peristalsis

56
Q

The outer lining of the bowel

A

Serosa

57
Q

The route through which the gallbladder releases bile

A

Cystic Duct

58
Q

The second sharp turn in the large intestine, connecting the transverse colon to the descending colon

A

Splenic Flexure

59
Q

Cells that produce a protective mucous lining

A

Goblet Cells

60
Q

Tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucus-producing goblet cells

A

Crypts

61
Q

Circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract and increase the surface area available for absorption

A

Plicae Circulares

62
Q

Chewing of food

A

Mechanical Digestion

63
Q

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

A

Alimentary Canal

64
Q

An anatomic landmark in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen that typically represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis

A

McBurney Point

65
Q

Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called gastric pits

A

Invaginations

66
Q

The lining next to the mucosa in the gastrointestinal system that contains blood vessels and lymphatic channels

A

Submucosa

67
Q

Irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells

A

Gastritis

68
Q

Cells in the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid

A

Parietal Cells

69
Q

A portion of the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine that encircles the colon

A

Teniae Coli

70
Q

The distal portion of the large intestine, ending at the anal canal

A

Rectum

71
Q

One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the descending colon and forms a S-shaped tube that extends into the pelvis and ends as the rectum

A

Sigmoid Colon

72
Q

Enzymes that break down sugars

A

Disaccharides

73
Q

Abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

A

Hemorrhoids

74
Q

Enzymes that break down proteins

A

Peptidases

75
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

A

Chymotrypsin

76
Q

A capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus

A

Lacteal

77
Q

A smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines in immediate contact with the organs within the peritoneal cavity

A

Visceral Peritoneum

78
Q

A flat, solid organ that lies below and behind the liver and the stomach, and which is a digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct; considered both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland

A

Pancreas

79
Q

A sac-like organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile

A

Gallbladder

80
Q

The portion of the gastrointestinal system that consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and is the major site of food digestion and nutrient absorption

A

Small Intestine

81
Q

An opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

A

Esophageal Hiatus

82
Q

A large abdominal organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

A

Liver

83
Q

A fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon

A

Colonoscope

84
Q

Symptoms from cholelithiasis; also called a gallbladder attack

A

Cholecystitis

85
Q

The first turn (sharp left turn near the inferior border of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and beginning of the transverse colon

A

Hepatic Flexure

86
Q

A two-layer smooth membrane of connective tissue that surrounds a group of digestive organs within the abdomen

A

Peritoneum

87
Q

A hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

88
Q

The middle portion of the small intestine; it has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

89
Q

A hormone produced by the duodenum that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic secretions

A

Secretin

90
Q

One pair of the three sets of salivary glands

A

Parotid Glands

91
Q

One of four portions of the colon; it extends upward from the cecum

A

Ascending Colon

92
Q

Inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

93
Q

Inflammation of the diverticuli

A

Diverticulitis

94
Q

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist; includes the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

A

Salivary Glands

95
Q

Large veins that line the inside of the anal canal

A

Hemorrhoidal Plexus

96
Q

One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

A

Descending Colon

97
Q

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

A

Cecum

98
Q

The backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called heartburn

A

Reflux Esophagitis

99
Q

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food

A

Chief Cells

100
Q

Cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

A

Absorptive Cells

101
Q

An acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that AIDS in digestion

A

Hydrochloric Acid

102
Q

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones

A

Endocrine Cells

103
Q

One pair of the three sets of salivary glands located beneath the mandible

A

Submandibular Glands

104
Q

Gas within the colon

A

Flatus

Ellis County Paramedic Students (12 decks)

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