A&P Chapter 10 Flashcards
A hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying
Gastrin
Two muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into and out of the esophagus
Esophageal Sphincters
A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
Carboxypeptidase
A hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric motility
Cholecystokinin
A specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from the stomach and intestine through the liver for processing
Hepatoportal System
The name given to the substance that leaves the stomach once food is digested; it is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
Digestion of food by enzymes in the stomach and small bowel
Chemical Digestion
The presence of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Related to digestion, it is a thick liquid that binds food particles and lubricates them during swallowing
Mucus
Rings of muscle that surround an opening, allowing for contraction or closing
Sphincters
Weakened areas (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon
Diverticuli
The innermost lining of the lumen of each portion of the alimentary canal; rich in glands, lymphatic tissue, and blood vessels
Mucosa
The muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal
Adventitia
An appendage attached to the end of the cecum that contains large numbers of lymph nodules
Vermiform Appendix
The primary enzyme in saliva
Salivary Amylase
One pair of the three sets of salivary glands; located beneath the tongue
Sublingual Glands
The enzyme formed from the exposure of pepsinogen to hydrochloric acid in the stomach that is important in the initial breakdown of proteins
Pepsin
Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called invaginations
Gastric Pits
The duct through which digestive enzymes pass on their way through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater
Pancreatic Duct
The chemical substance produced by parietal cells in the stomach that is important in the absorption of vitamin B 12
Intrinsic Factor
A cavity created by a double fold of mesentery, which extends inferiorly from the stomach
Omental Bursa
The body system that carries out the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion; also called the gastrointestinal system
Digestive System
One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the splenic flexure
Transverse Colon
Recesses in the colon caused by contractions of the teniae coli
Haustra
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of resulting nutrients by the body’s cells
Digestion
The bottom of a hollow organ. In the stomach, it is the portion that balloons superior to the cardiac portion to act as a temporary storage area
Fundus
A pancreatic enzyme that AIDS in the digestion of proteins
Trypsin
Intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum
Peyer Patches
The motion that results in the passage of substances through the digestive tract
Motility
A weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn
Hiatal Hernia
Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the small intestine
Segmentation
Parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs
Mesenteries
A smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
Sensation often caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called reflux esophagitis
Heartburn
Opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain
Ampulla of Vater
A portion of the gastrointestinal system that extends from the small intestine to the rectum and maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called the colon
Large Intestine
Thick folds of the stomach wall
Rugae
The distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body
Anus
A portion of the gastrointestinal system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called the large intestine
Colon
The last portion of the small intestine, which extends from the jejunum to the ileocecal valve at the beginning of the large intestine
Ileum
The short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincters (internal and external), which help regulate the passage of stool
Anal Canal
A digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Bile
Chewing
Mastication
The fluid produced by the salivary glands that helps break down starches and other polysaccharides into simple sugars, washes the oral cavity, and helps weaken bacteria
Saliva
The sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and the jejunum
Duodenojejunal Flexure
An enzyme produced by the chief cells in the stomach that is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen
Finger-like projections in the plicae circulares
Villi
A condition in which parts of the stomach and duodenal lining are eroded by stomach acid
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pancreatic enzymes that break down fat
Lipases
Rigid stones formed by digestive enzymes within the gallbladder
Gallstones
The junction between the ileum and large intestine
Ileocecal Junction
The first of three sections of the small intestine; it extends posteriorly from the stomach and forms a 180° arch within the retroperitoneal portion of the abdomen
Duodenum
An expandable organ that is located in the left upper quadrant, below the diaphragm
Stomach
System composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food; also called the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal (GI) System
The process of contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the alimentary tract that serves to propel food through the system
Peristalsis
The outer lining of the bowel
Serosa
The route through which the gallbladder releases bile
Cystic Duct
The second sharp turn in the large intestine, connecting the transverse colon to the descending colon
Splenic Flexure
Cells that produce a protective mucous lining
Goblet Cells
Tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucus-producing goblet cells
Crypts
Circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract and increase the surface area available for absorption
Plicae Circulares
Chewing of food
Mechanical Digestion
The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Alimentary Canal
An anatomic landmark in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen that typically represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis
McBurney Point
Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called gastric pits
Invaginations
The lining next to the mucosa in the gastrointestinal system that contains blood vessels and lymphatic channels
Submucosa
Irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells
Gastritis
Cells in the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid
Parietal Cells
A portion of the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine that encircles the colon
Teniae Coli
The distal portion of the large intestine, ending at the anal canal
Rectum
One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the descending colon and forms a S-shaped tube that extends into the pelvis and ends as the rectum
Sigmoid Colon
Enzymes that break down sugars
Disaccharides
Abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus
Hemorrhoids
Enzymes that break down proteins
Peptidases
A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
Chymotrypsin
A capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus
Lacteal
A smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines in immediate contact with the organs within the peritoneal cavity
Visceral Peritoneum
A flat, solid organ that lies below and behind the liver and the stomach, and which is a digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct; considered both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland
Pancreas
A sac-like organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile
Gallbladder
The portion of the gastrointestinal system that consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and is the major site of food digestion and nutrient absorption
Small Intestine
An opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
Esophageal Hiatus
A large abdominal organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
Liver
A fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon
Colonoscope
Symptoms from cholelithiasis; also called a gallbladder attack
Cholecystitis
The first turn (sharp left turn near the inferior border of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and beginning of the transverse colon
Hepatic Flexure
A two-layer smooth membrane of connective tissue that surrounds a group of digestive organs within the abdomen
Peritoneum
A hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
The middle portion of the small intestine; it has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions of the small intestine
Jejunum
A hormone produced by the duodenum that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic secretions
Secretin
One pair of the three sets of salivary glands
Parotid Glands
One of four portions of the colon; it extends upward from the cecum
Ascending Colon
Inflammation of the appendix
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the diverticuli
Diverticulitis
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist; includes the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
Salivary Glands
Large veins that line the inside of the anal canal
Hemorrhoidal Plexus
One of four portions of the colon; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon
Descending Colon
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
The backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called heartburn
Reflux Esophagitis
Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food
Chief Cells
Cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food
Absorptive Cells
An acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that AIDS in digestion
Hydrochloric Acid
Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones
Endocrine Cells
One pair of the three sets of salivary glands located beneath the mandible
Submandibular Glands
Gas within the colon
Flatus
