A&P Chapter 5 Flashcards
A ridgelike projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi
Carina
The volume of air exhaled from the lungs following a forceful exhalation
Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity
Exhalation
Expiration
A mixture of lipids and proteins synthesized to reduce the tendency of alveolar collapse and to ease alveolar inflation
Surfactant
A chronic inflammatory lower airway disease resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production
Asthma
An increase in the blood pH secondary to excessive exhalation of CO2
Primary Respiratory Alkalosis
The four capacities created by the combination of two or more of the respiratory volumes
Respiratory Capacities
Fine subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveolar ducts; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli
Bronchioles
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory Capacity
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall propel food and liquids to the stomach
Esophagus
Structures formed by the final branching of the bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Three bony ridges contained within the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
Conchae
A measurement of the percentage of oxygen in the blood
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2)
The point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung
Hilum
The cavity lying posterior to the mouth, connecting to the esophagus; the throat
Pharynx
Four distinct volumes involved in respiration; tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
Respiratory Volumes
Deep, rapid breathing; it lowers blood carbon dioxide levels
Hyperventilation
The very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lines between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessels occurs; also known as the pulmonary capillary membrane
Alveolocapillary Membrane
The passage through which tears drain from the lacrimal sacs into the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal Ducts
Supplemental air; additional air that is expelled from the lungs due to forced exhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume
A decrease in the blood pH secondary to insufficient exhalation of CO2
Primary Respiratory Acidosis
The bonding of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
The infiltration of any tissue by air or gas; a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by distention of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma
Emphysema
A measurement of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood
Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2)
Parts of the brain that control inspiration and expiration
Respiratory Areas
The posterior opening from the nasopharynx into the pharynx
Interior Nares
The amount of pressure each gas contributes to diffusion
Partial Pressure
An effect that makes it difficult for the alveoli to inflate; it is caused by attraction of water molecules
Surface Tension
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the bronchi that is associated with excess mucus production that results from overgrowth of the mucous glands in the airways
Chronic Bronchitis
A disease that limits the ability of the lungs to expand appropriately
Restrictive Lung Disease
A leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that closes over the trachea during swallowing
Epiglottis
The vocal cords and the opening between them
Glottis
Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from the division of the right and left mainstem bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
A small portion of the left lung that is the equivalent of the middle lobe in the right lung
Lingula
The nasal cavity (the portion of the pharynx that lines above the level of the roof of the mouth); formed by the union of the facial bones
Nasopharynx
Layers of an alveolus that separate air from blood in a capillary; it is where blood and alveolar air exchange gases. Also known as the pulmonary capillary membrane or the alveolar capillary membrane
Respiratory Membrane
The pleural membrane that covers the lungs
Visceral Pleura
Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
Functional Residual Capacity
A disease of the lung caused by consistent inhalation of coal dust
Black Lung Disease
Medication that is designed to improve lung function by widening the bronchial tubes
Bronchodilator
A measure of the depth of breathing; the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle
Tidal Volume
Arteries that branch off of the thoracic aorta and supply the lung tissues with blood
Bronchial Arteries
The superior portion of the vocal cords; also called the false vocal cords
Vestibular Folds
One cycle of inspiration followed by expiration
Respiratory Cycle
A tubular structure that forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, extending vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
The inferior portion of the vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound
True Vocal Cords
A complete structure formed by the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage; the voice box
Larynx
The process of exchanging air between the lungs and the environment; includes inhalation and exhalation
Ventilation
A set of bony convolutions formed by the conchae in the nasopharynx that help to maintain smooth airflow
Turbinates
The volume of air that leaves during a normal, resting expiration (about 500 mL)
Resting Tidal Volume
Severe constriction of the bronchial tree
Bronchospasm
Ions related to carbonic acid; they are formed from carbon dioxide transport mechanisms
Bicarbonate Ions
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and exhalation
Vital Capacity
Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from branching of the secondary bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Vital capacity plus residual volume
Tidal Lung Capacity
A disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of asbestos particles
Asbestosis
Ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli
Alveolar Ducts
The part of the lower airway below the larynx through which air enters the lungs
Mainstem Bronchi
Veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
Bronchial Veins
The external openings to the nasal cavity; also called the nostrils
External Nares
The combination of oxygen that diffuses into the blood and the hemoglobin molecule
Oxyhemoglobin
The membrane that lines the walls of the pleural cavity
Parietal Pleura
Additional air that enters the lungs due to forced inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
A soft-tissue structure that resembles a punching bag; located in the posterior aspect of the oral cavity, at the base of the tongue
Uvula
The floor of the nasal cavity
Hard Palate
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, including the upper and lower airways and their component parts
Respiratory System
The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla oblongata as well as the respiratory group of the pons
Medullary Respiratory Center
A progressive and irreversible disease of the airway marked by decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
The conduit for all entry into the lungs; a tubular structure that is approximately 10 to 12cm long and composed of a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings; also called the windpipe
Trachea
A passage located below each turbinate
Meatus
The cavity formed by the inner borders of the rib cage and the diaphragm
Pleural Cavity
The two primary organs of breathing
Lungs
An enzyme in red blood cells that speeds reaction of carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbonic acid
Carbonic Anhydrase
Inhalation
Inspiration
Tiny sacs of lung tissue in which gas exchange takes place
Alveoli
The volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximal expiration
Residual Volume
A device used in pulmonary function testing that measures air entering and leaving the lungs over a specific period of time
Spirometer
