A&P Chapter 2 Flashcards
A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the heart’s stroke volume.
Pericardial Tamponade
A specialized form of cell division that occurs during the formation of a mature ova and sperm
Meiosis
The nerve center, or central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm
Nucleus
Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins
Nucleoli
Excessive accumulation of fluid within the pleural space
Pleural Effusion
An area behind the parietal peritoneum that contains the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, and major blood vessels of the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal Space
The property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so
Semipermeable
The division of chromosomes in a cell nucleus
Mitosis
Tissue that changes in appearance due to tension; it lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra
Transitional Epithelium
Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems
Body Cavities
Substances, such as the organelles, that are found inside the cell membranes
Intracellular
Components of the neurons that receive impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of neurotransmitters
Dendrites
All of the other cells in the human body besides the sex cells
Somatic Cells
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis
Lysis
Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells
Cuboidal Epithelium
A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm
Protoplasm
The gel-like material inside a cell. It makes up most of the cell’s volume, and suspends the cell’s organelles; also called protoplasm
Cytoplasm
A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart; also called the pericardium
Pericardial Sac
A condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, impairing the heart’s ability to expand and contract properly
Pericardial Effusion
A division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk
Axial Region
An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural space
Pneumothorax
The portion of a serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ
Visceral Portion
Substances located outside of the cell membrane
Extracellular
The area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery
Posterior Triangle
A process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Long, slender filaments projecting from a nerve cell that conduct impulses to adjacent cells
Axons
The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities
Parietal Portion
A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues
Hypoxia
The ongoing process of cell renewal where some cells actively divide during life and others die and are replaced by new cells
Remodeling
Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones and composed of long thread-like cells that have light and dark striations
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges, usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy
Active Transport
The process of ingesting and destroying foreign matter by certain types of leukocytes
Phagocytosis
The basic nerve cells of the nervous system, containing a nucleus within a cell body and extending one or more processes; they exist in masses to form nervous tissue
Neurons
The process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
Tail-like microtubule structures capable of motion to propel the cell
Flagella
The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that anchors the overlying epithelial tissues
Basement Membrane
A potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura; it is described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
Pleural Space
Rows of tall, thin epithelial cells
Columnar Epithelium
The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consists of the 28 bones that comprise the auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face
Skull
Areas in the infant’s skull where the structures between the skull bones have not yet closed
Fontanelles
A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles
Organ System
Structures of DNA fibers and protein contained within the cell’s nucleus carrying genetic information; human cells contain 23 pairs
Chromosomes
The internal structures within the cell that carry out specific functions for the cell
Organelles
A low concentration of potassium in the blood
Hypokalemia
Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis
Crenation
Organelles that contain RNA and protein
Ribosomes
A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
Nonstriated muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting the pupils of the eye; also called involuntary muscle
Smooth Muscle
A serum sodium level of greater than 145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Dissolved particles, such as salts, contained in a solvent
Solutes
An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural space following trauma
Hemothorax
Microtubules radiating from he centrioles
Spindle Fibers
Fluid found outside of the cell membranes in which most of the body’s supply of sodium is contained, representing approximately 15% of the total body weight
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
The natural tendency for substances to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, within or outside the cell
Concentration Gradient
Disturbances in cardiac rythym
Dysrythymias
The area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible
Anterior Triangle
A rapid pulse rate
Tachycardia
A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma ( HHNC)
The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface
Pseudostratified Epithelium
The major source of energy created by cellular respiration for all chemical reactions of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles
Exocytosis
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
Pleura
Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell
Microtubules
The space behind the knee
Popliteal Fossa
A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat
Adipose (Fat) Tissue
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis
A serum sodium level that is less than 135 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
The number of osmotically active particles in serum
Serum Osmolality
Groups of similar cells that work together
Tissues
The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane
Osmotic Pressure
An excessive amount of potassium in the blood
Hyperkalemia
Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow electrolyte movements among the cells
Ion Channels
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels
Mediastinum
A single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
Simple Epithelium
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Peritonitis
Small, rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic center of the cell and produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
Skin, the covering of the body surface
Integument
Any individual living thing; made up of various organ systems
Organism
Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
The region around the heart
Pericardial Cavity
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous Tissues
The organs (kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal Organs
More than one layer of cells, only onee o which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
Stratified Epithelium
Smooth muscle tissue
Nonstriated
The cell wall; a selectively permeable layer of cells that surrounds intracellular contents and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
Cell Membrane
The hollow portion of the skull
Cranial Cavity
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
Nuclear Envelope
A division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body
Appendicular Region
The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow
Antecubital Fossa
The ability of the cell membrane to selectively allow compounds into the cell based on the cell’s current needs
Selective Permeability
Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function
Organs
The flat sheet of cells that makes up the epidermis
Squamous Epithelium
The clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
The hairlike microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface
Cilia
A rapid respiratory rate
Tachypnea
The thick, fibrous membrane and serous membranes that surround the heart; also called the pericardial sac
Pericardium
Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body (hip and shoulder)
Girdles
Abnormally low blood glucose level
Hypoglycemia
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cell’s digestive system
Lysosomes
Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle
Striated
The spine or primary support structure of the body that houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
Vertebral Column
The armpit
Axilla
Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Carotid Triangle
Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to supply motor function and convey sensory information to various areas of the body
Peripheral Nerves
One of two basic types of neural tissue, neuroglia support, protect, defend, and aid in the repair of injury of neural tissue, and regulate composition of nervous system interstitial fluid
Neuroglia
A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and it’s contents
Pinocytosis
The basic building blocks of life, made up of protoplasm (cytoplasm); specialized for particular functions
Cells
A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell’s protoplasm
Endocytosis
Germ (reproductive) cells; in males they are known as sperm and in females they are known as oocytes (eggs)
Sex Cells
The navel, which serves as the central reference point in determining the location of organs in the abdominal quadrants
Umbilicus
The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural space
Pleural Fluid
Organelles that are essential in cell division
Centrioles
The spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord
Spinal Cavity
Membranes that line body cavities that lack openings to the outside
Serous Membranes
Nucleic acid made from DNA in the nucleus of the cell; it moves to the cytoplasm of the cell where it serves as a template for the production of proteins
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Fluid found within individual cells, containing most of the body’s supply of potassium and representing approximately 45% of total body weight
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
