A&P Chapter 11 Flashcards
A hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland; also called thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin
A hormone released from the hypothalamus that influences the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone; stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Male sex hormones
Androgens
A cell, group of cells, or an organ that selectively removes concentrates, or alters materials in the blood and secretes them back into the body
Glands
One of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; it is essential for normal growth and development in children as well as regulation of body metabolism
Triiodothyronine (T3)
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that functions as a biological clock, helping to regulate the circadian rhythms
Melatonin
A hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland; also called thyrotropin
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Specialized neurons in the brain that regulate the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Osmoreceptors
A hormone released by the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle; it is one of three major female hormones
Progesterone
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
Endocrine System
Glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine Glands
Synthetic androgens used to increase muscle mass
Anabolic Steroids
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
Neurohormones
One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it produces mineralocorticoids
Zona Glomerulosa
The most important corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex, it has many effects on the body
Cortisol
An enzyme that is activated by glucagon; it breaks triglycerides down into free fatty acids and glycerol
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase
Negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body
Feedback Inhibition
Hormones released by the hypothalamus that influence the Inhibition of prolactin
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormones
One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it secretes a few relatively weak male sex hormones, or androgens
Zona Reticularis
A condition often caused by pituitary dysfunction that is associated with production of large volumes of dilute urine and in which patients experience intense thirst
Diabetes Insipidus
The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
Infundibulum
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure; also called antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin
Hormones that affect early production and differentiation of lymphocytes
Thymosins
The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and secrete male hormones; also called testicles
Testes
Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels; also called releasing factors
Inhibiting Factors
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland; constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure, and also is responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine by causing ducts in the kidney to become more permeable to water; also called vasopressin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Enlarged visible mass in the anterior part of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter
A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress; regulates the secretion of corticosteroids
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
The space behind the peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
Any of several steroids secreted by the adrenal gland
Corticosteroids
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
Hormones
Denoting self-stimulation through cellular production of a factor and a specific receptor for it
Autocrine
Small cavity glands within the thyroid gland that contain thyroglobulin
Follicles
A band of tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
Isthmus
Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital in the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level
Insulin
One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it is an extension of the central nervous system and secretes hormones called neurohormones; also called the posterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis
A protein to which thyroid hormones are bound
Thyroglobulin
Proteins produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that have the same effects as opiate drugs, such as morphine, but are 80 times more potent
Beta-Endorphins
A protein synthesized in the liver that binds to hormones T3 and T4
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
One of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; it is essential for normal growth and development in children, as well as regulation of body metabolism
Tetraiodothyronine
A group of hormone-like fatty acids that are produced in many body tissues, including the uterus, brain, and kidneys
Prostaglandins
Hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands that play an important role in metabolism and inhibit inflammation
Glucocorticoids
Secretes the hormone melatonin in response to changes in light conditions
Pineal Gland
A condition caused by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands resulting in obesity, abnormal hair growth, hig blood pressure, emotional disturbances, and cushingoid facies or the so-called “moon-face”
Cushing Syndrome
Hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands; it maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function
Parathyroid Hormone
A hormone that plays an important role in milk production in women
Prolactin
One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it is an extension of the central nervous system and produces hormones called neurohormones; also called the neurohypophysis
Posterior Pituitary (Lobe)
Potentially life-threatening low blood calcium levels resulting from loss of parathyroid function
Hypocalcemia
Hormones released by the hypothalamus that influence the release of prolactin
Prolactin-Releasing Hormones
Hormone that stimulates growth in many tissues, especially of long bones in the extremities; also called growth hormone
Somatotropin
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
Overactivity of the thyroid gland, which results in increased metabolic rates, with loss, rapid pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, diarrhea, and at times, abnormal protrusion of the eyes
Hyperthyroidism
Four glands that are embedded in the posterior portion of the thyroid, they produce and secrete parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid Glands
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone; also called somatostatin
Growth Hormone Release-Inhibiting Hormone
The major androgen produced by the testes
Testosterone
Associated with environmental day and night cycles; these rhythms help the body to distinguish day from night
Circadian Rhythms
A long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver; also called animal starch
Glycogen
A condition that results in a loss of calcium from the bones, as well as increases in serum calcium levels, caused by excess secretion of parathyroid hormones
Hyperparathyroidism
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone; also called growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone
Somatostatin
Cells located between the follicles in the thyroid gland that produce the hormone calcitonin
Parafollicular Cells
A specialized group of cells in the pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced
Islets of Langerhans
One of the three major female hormones that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone during the first 8 weeks of gestation
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
A disorder caused by chronic overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland that is characterized by a gradual and permanent enlargement of the flat bones (the lower jaw) and of the hands and feet, abdominal organs, nose, lips, and tongue; also called gigantism
Acromegaly
A steroid sex hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries
Androstenedione
A large endocrine gland that is located at the base of the neck and produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism
Thyroid Gland
The reproductive glands
Gonads
A hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle; it is one of three major female hormones
Estrogen
A hormone released from the pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one oocyte to undergo meiosis
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
One of two main hormones responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine; increases the rate of active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions into the blood and decreases reabsorption of potassium
Aldosterone
Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket
Exophthalmos
Hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
A hormone that causes the smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus to contract and milk to be released from the breasts of lactating women
Oxytocin
The concept that once the desired effect of a hormone has been achieved, further production of the hormone is inhibited until it is needed again; also called feedback inhibition
Negative Feedback
A specialized set of blood vessels that carry releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System
One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it produces hormones that are not neurohormones; also called the adenohypophysis
Anterior Pituitary (Lobe)
A hormone released from the pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one oocyte to undergo meiosis
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Acute adrenocortical insufficiency
Addisonian Crisis
Relating to a kind of hormone function in which the effects of the hormone are restricted to the local environment
Paracrine
Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels; also called inhibiting factors
Releasing Factors
One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it produces corticosteroids
Zona Fasciculata
Painful muscle spasms that result from several conditions, including a low blood calcium level
Tetany
A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
Gluconeogenesis
Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin
Beta Cells
À hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is important in the regulation of calcium levels in the body
Calcitonin
A condition that results in excess secretion of aldosterone, most commonly caused by a benign tumor
Conn Syndrome
Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon
Alpha Cells
Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
Glands that secrete chemicals for elimination
Exocrine Glands
A disease that results from impaired production of insulin by the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
The gland that secretes hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body; also called the pituitary gland
Hypophysis
The concept that once the desired effect of the hormone begins, further production of the hormone is stimulated
Positive Feedback
A hormone that stimulates growth in most tissues, especially of long bones in the extremities; also called somatotropin
Growth Hormone (GH)
One of the two portions of the pituitary gland, it produces hormones that are not neurohormones; also called the anterior pituitary
Adenohypophysis
Hormones produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that are important in the regulation of water and salt balance in the body
Mineralocorticoids
The outer layer of the adrenal gland, it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body
Adrenal Cortex
The part of the neuroendocrine system that involves interactions of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
The female reproductive organs that produce egg precursors, or oocytes
Ovaries
Proteins produced in the liver, skeletal muscle, and other tissues that are stimulated by growth hormone
Somatomedins
