A&P Chapter 3 Flashcards
The main supporting structure of the nasal cavities; it also forms part of the eye orbits
Ethmoid Bone
Articular surface on the occipital bone where the skull articulates with the atlas on the vertebral column
Occipital Condyles
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
Also known as the malar bones; they form the prominence of each cheek
Zygomatic Bones
A break in the continuity of a bone
Fracture
The point where the occipital bones attach to the parietal bones
Lambdoid Suture
Type of bone that is longer than it is wide
Long Bones
The humerus bones, radius bones, ulna bones, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Upper Limbs
Units within a compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called the haversian system
Osteons
Inflammation of the bone and muscle caused by infection
Osteomyelitis
Horizontal bones perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
Cribriform Plates
Sideways curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder
Glenoid Fossa
A progressive form of arthritis that causes deterioration of the intervertebral disk
Degenerative Disk Disease
The hip bones
Pelvic Girdle
An endocrine gland, located in the sella turcica of the brain, that secretes hormones that regulate all major bodily functions
Pituitary Gland
The maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and mandible
Facial Skeleton
The bony cavity in the frontal skull that contains the eyeball and it’s associated muscles, vessels, and nerves
Orbits
The formation of bone by osteoblasts
Ossification
The bones that make up the upper jaw
Maxillae
The small bones of the digits of the fingers and toes
Phalanges
Bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
Temporal Bones
Grinding together of the upper and lower teeth
Bruxism
The chamber inside the nose that lines between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth
Nasal Cavity
A hole through which spinal nerves pass from the spinal cord
Vertebral Foramen
The 12 vertebrae located in the center of the vertebral column that (mostly) connect with the ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae
A fracture in which a bone end has penetrated the skin; also called a compound fracture
Open Fracture
An abnormal softening of bones because of a loss of calcium
Osteomalacia
The feet of each vertebrae in the vertebral arch
Pedicles
The point at which the clavicle attaches to the acromion process
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint
Cells that secrete proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bone ends and at other sites of injury throughout the body
Fibroblasts
The major site of bone elongation, located at each end of a long bone between the epiphysis and metaphysis; also called the growth plate
Physis
A condition resulting in abnormally small bones caused by a hormonal growth deficiency
Dwarfism
The zone of repair in which a mass of exudates and connective tissue forms around a break in a bone and converts to bone during healing
Callus
The scapulae and clavicles
Pectoral Girdle
Types of bone that are relatively thin and flattened
Flat Bones
The growth plate of a long bone
Epiphyses
The bone that forms the forehead and part of the roof of the nasal cavity
Frontal Bone
The gelatinous mass that makes up the center of each intervertebral disk
Nucleus Pulposus
The tailbone
Coccyx
The 12 pairs of bones that primarily make up the thoracic cage; connecting posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Openings between successive vertebrae through which nerves exit the vertebral column
Intervertebral Foramina
A fracture of a vertebral body associated with collapse of the body
Compression Fracture
A depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
Sella Turcica
The first cervical vertebra (C1), which provides support for the head
Atlas
The second cervical vertebra, the point that allows the head to turn
Axis
An irritation of the tough band of connective tissue extending from the calcaneus to the metatarsal of each toe
Plantar Fasciitis
Outward curve of the thoracic spine
Kyphosis
Specialized tissue found within bone that manufactures erythrocytes
Bone Marrow
The bones of the palms of the hand
Metacarpals
A mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that, along with collagen, comprises the structural element of bone
Hydroxyapatite
The kneecap
Patella
A mass of fibrocartilage between each vertebral body of the spine, composed of the anulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus
Intervertebral Disk
The thin, delicate bones that join to form the bridge of the nose
Nasal Bones
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
Sinusitis
The posterior portion of a vertebra, which contains the bony processes, facets, and pedicles
Vertebral Arch
The femurs, tibias, fibulas, patellae, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Lower Limbs
Bone that is made up of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae
Cancellous Bone
A bone that articulates with the tibia, calcaneus, and navicular bones to form the lower part of the ankle joint
Talus
A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
The tip of the shoulder and the site of attachment for both the clavicle and shoulder musculature
Acromion Process
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint
Ligaments
The bones on the soles of the feet; the form the foot arches
Metatarsals
An injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula
Acromioclavicular (AC) Separation
A fractured bone that has not moved from it’s normal position
Non-Displaced Fracture
A set of three tough membranes, the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, that encloses the entire brain and spinal cord
Meninges
The longer, medial bone of the forearm
Ulna
The long bone on the lateral aspect of the lower leg
Fibula
Involuntary contraction of the mouth resulting in clenched teeth; occurs during seizures and head injuries
Trismus
A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear
Mastoid Process
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
Axial Skeleton
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, articulates with the femoral head
Acetabulum
An inflammation of the muscles of the elbow joint; more commonly known as tennis elbow
Epicondylitis
Compression of the median nerve within the carpal canal at the wrist
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Attachment points in the skull where the cranial bones join together
Sutures
Tough, rope-like cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bone
Tendons
Bruising over the mastoid process, usually from a basilar skull fracture
Battle Sign
The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
Medullary Cavity
The five vertebrae of the lower back
Lumbar Vertebrae
The bones of the wrist; they include the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones
Carpals
Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form results in the condition known as swayback
Lordosis
The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face
Mandible
The bones that encase and protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Cranium
Scroll-shaped bones attached to the lateral nasal cavity walls that support the mucous membranes
Inferior Nasal Conchae
The seven smallest vertebrae, found in the neck
Cervical Vertebrae
Large, multinucleated cells that dissolve bone tissue and play a major role in bone remodeling
Osteoclasts
A tear in the anulus fibrosus that results in leakage of the nucleus pulposus, most commonly against exiting nerve roots
Herniated Disk
Bones that make up part of the eye orbits and contain the tear sacs
Lacrimal Bones
A fracture in which the bone ends have not been exposed by a break through the skin
Closed Fracture
The rigid partition composed of bone and cartilage that separates the right and left nostrils
Nasal Septum
Small bones in the inner ear
Ossicles
The perception of sound in the inner ear with no external environmental cause; often reported as “ringing” in the ears, but may be roaring, buzzing, or clicking
Tinnitus
The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint
Medial Malleolus
The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, that are lined with mucous membranes and drain into the nasal cavity; the frontal and maxillary sinuses
Paranasal Sinuses
The point where the parietal bones join together with the frontal bone
Coronal Suture
The bone that supports the tongue and it’s muscles
Hyoid Bone
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial Fluid
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
A prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa to which the meninges are attached
Crista Galli
Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized
Lamellae
Cells that produce cartilage
Chondroblasts
A grinding sound or sensation
Crepitus
One of three bones (with the two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disk
Anulus Fibrosus
The growth of cartilage in the physis (epiphyseal plate) which is eventually replaced by bone
Endochondral Growth
The joint between the temporal bone and the posterior condyle of the mandible that allows for movements of the jaw
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
A genetic bone disease that results in fragile bones
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
The bone that forms the back and base of the cranium
Occipital Bone
A reduction in the quantity of bony tissue
Osteoporosis
Irregularly shaped bones found in the posterior part of the nasal cavity
Palatine Bones
Small fluid-filled sacs located between a tendon and a bone help lubricate two surfaces that are rubbing against each other
Bursae
Small openings, perforations, or orifices in the bones of the cranial vault
Foramina
A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and are not in anatomic alignment
Displaced Fracture
The anterior portion of the base of the cranium
Sphenoid Bone
A fracture that forms an angle to the shaft of the bone
Oblique Fracture
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord exits the brain
Foramen Magnum
Bones that form the upper sides and roof of the cranium
Parietal Bones
A layer that lines the inner surfaces of bone
Endosteum
The shin bone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
The shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
The point of the skull where the parietal bones join together
Sagittal Suture
An osteoblast that becomes surrounded by bony matrix; a mature bone cell
Osteocyte
Inflammation of the costal cartilage, which attaches the ribs to the sternum
Costochondritis
The ridges between the teeth, which are covered with thickened connective tissue and epithelium; also called alveolar ridges
Alveolar Arch
A minute canal in a bone
Canaliculi
The breastbone in the center of the anterior chest
Sternum
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
The point where two or more bones come together, allowing movement to occur
Joint
Bony rods that make up a lacy network of cancellous bones and are oriented to increase weight-bearing capacity of long bones
Trabeculae
The triangular-shaped bone that comprises the shoulder blade, which is an integral component of the shoulder girdle
Scapula
The ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum
Thoracic Cage
The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones
Pelvis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
A disorder caused by chronic overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland that is characterized by a gradual and permanent enlargement of the flat bones (the lower jaw) and of the hands and feet, abdominal organs, nose, lips, and tongue; also called acromegaly
Gigantism
Units of compact bone consisting of a tube (haversian canal) with the laminae of bone that surrounds them
Haversian Systems
Types of bones that are as broad as they are long
Short Bones
Two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complimentary surfaces articulate with each other, such as is the case with the thumb
Saddle Joint
A ball-and-socket joint consisting of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa
Shoulder Joint
A double layer of connective tissue that lines the outer surface of the bone
Periosteum
Bone that is mostly solid, with few spaces
Compact Bone
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint
Lateral Malleolus
The heel bone
Calcaneus
The most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into the spinal canal, potentially compressing neurologic elements and causing neurologic injury
Central Disk Herniation
An opening in the temporal bone that contains the ear canal
External Acoustic Meatus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located
Metaphysis
The shorter, lateral bone of the forearm
Radius
The bones of the ankles; they include the medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus
Tarsals
The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between the bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
Cartilage
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
Femur
The flat bone making up the lower posterior nasal septum
Vomer Bone
The formation of new bone on the surface of a bone
Appositional Growth
An angle formed by the anterior portion of the hip bone (pubis)
Pubic Arch
A ballooning of an intervertebral disk without frank herniation
Bulging Disk
Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joint
Menisci
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ilium
