A&P 2.1 Flashcards
Describe the cell
- basic structural & functional unit of all living organisms
- Can vary greatly in structure
- Human body is composed of trillions of cells constantly renegerating and replacing
- The main function of almost all is to produce protein
- Bathed in interstitial fluid
- Generalized was discovered around ~1600A.D.
3 Basic Parts of the General Cell
List the 3 basic parts of a generazlied cell
- Nucleus
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
3 Basic Parts of the General Cell
Describe the nucleus
- takes on the shape of the cell
- some cells have more than one
- contains DNA
- typically in the center of the cell, but can be anywhere
Describe DNA
the genetic blueprint & instruction manual for protein synthesis
3 Basic Parts of the General Cell
Describe the plasma membrane
- the thin, outer barrier allowing the cell to communicate with the outer environment
- selectively permeable
- creates intra/extracellular environments
3 Basic Parts of the General Cell
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane
- made of phospholipids (compound lipids) which contain fat, protein and cholesterol
** cholesterol allows plasma membrane to be flexible and therefore support integrity of phospholipids - sugar molecules can stick to outside of plasma membrane
**allow cell to stick to other things it passes in order to interact with environment and “sample” things
Describe interstitial fluid
- Diluted saltwater solution that all cells are suspended in
- Contains vital nutrients
- Allows cell to interact with this environment (draw water in or out)
- Allows removal of waste
- Contains enzymes
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Describe lipids
- fats
- have head & tail arrangement in double “bi” layer
- head = hydrophilic
- tail = hydrophobic
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Proteins
- scattered throughout the plasma membrane
- can change shape to be receptor sides, passageways or actively carry material across the membrane
List the functions of the plasma membrane
- membrane transport
- maintenance of an electrical gradient
- interaction with the outside environment
Functions of Plasma Membrane
Describe membrane transport and list its types
- When material is passed through the membrane
- Passive and active
Functions of Plasma Membrane
Define passive transport
the passing of material through the plasma membrane without the use of energy from cell
Functions of Plasma Membrane
Define active transport
passing of material through the plasma membrane requiring energy from the cell
Functions of Plasma Membrane
List the types of passive transport
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
Functions of Plasma Membrane - Passive Transport
Describe diffusion
Material moving across plasma membrane by following the concentration gradient from high to low
Functions of Plasma Membrane - Passive Transport
Describe osmosis
passive movement of water across plasma membrane from high to low concentration
Functions of Plasma Membrane
List the types of active transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport
Describe endocytosis and its types
- cell taking in material by enveloping plasma membrane around extracellular material
- phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport
Describe phagocytosis
- “cell eating”
- cell taking in solid material
Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport
Describe pinocytosis
- “cell drinking”
- taking in of fluids
Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport
Describe exocytosis
- expelling of material from cell
- piece of plasma membrane within the cell merges with plasma membrane to keep continuous barrier while being able to send material outside of the cell
Functions of Plasma Membrane
Describe how the plasma membrane maintains an electrical gradient
All cells maintain separate charges on either side of the plasma membrane to allow for the potential to conduct electrical energy
Functions of Plasma Membrane
Describe how the plasma membrane allows for interaction with the outside environment
- Proteins & sugar molecules outside of the plasma membrane allow for extracellular communication by either direct contact or chemical signals
3 Basic Parts of the General Cell
Describe the cytoplasm
Substance within the plasma membrane yet outside of the nucleus
3 Basic Parts of the General Cell
List the parts of the cytoplasm
- cytosol
- inclusions
- organelles
Parts of the Cytoplasm
Describe cytosol
- watery portion of the cytoplasm which contains: salts, water, sugars, proteins, waste, enzymes, etc.
- viscous, semi-transparent fluid
Parts of the Cytoplasm
Describe inclusions
- chemical substances floating within the cytoplasm which relate to the function of that cell
*
Ex: glycogen (stored form of glucose which is needed to create ATP), melanin, fat
Parts of the Cytoplasm
Describe organelles
- Metabolic machinery of the cell
- How the cell is able to function and produce protein
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
List the organelles of a generalized cell
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough)
- Golgi apparatus
- Secretory vessicles
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Cilia
- Flagella
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Describe ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- some float freely within cytoplasm making protein for that cell
- some attach to membranes making proteins to export to other areas of the body
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- network of tubes and membranes within the cytoplasm serving as anchor points for some ribosomes
- deliver proteins from one area of the cell to another
- rough has ribosomes attached, smooth does not
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Golgi Apparatus
- “UPS” of the cell
- flattened out membranes which sort, package and distribute proteins for export out of the cell
- portions pinch off to form secretory vessicles
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Secretory Vessicles
- Enclosed structures which carry protein produced by/from cell to plasma membrane where they fuse with it by disintegrating their walls to release protein by way of exocytosis
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Lysosomes
- type of secretory vessicle filled with digestive enzymes used to destroy worn out organelles & foreign material that enters the cell
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Mitochondria
- provides cell with energy in the form of ATP
- the more productive the cell => the more mitochondria it has (ms. cells have many)
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Cilia
- hair-like projections off of plasma membrane which serve to move material across the cell surface
- respiratory tract lined with cilia to keep “mucous blanket” moving
Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles
Flagella
- tail-like extensions off plasma membrane which propel the cell
- only example in the human body is the sperm cell
Describe protein synthesis
- complex process of cells in which (as miniature factories) they synthesize a variety of different proteins that make up the chemical & physical nature of the body as a whole.
- DNA serves as the genetic blueprint for this manufacturing
- Some cells utilize their produced protein while the rest is exported for use in other areas of the body
Protein Synthesis
State the basic, summarized steps of this process
- Ribosomes produce protein and deliver it to the endoplasmic reticulum
- ER transports protein to golgi apparatus
- Golgi app. packages protein into secretory vessicles
- Secretory vessicles pinch off from golgi app. and deliver protein to plasma membrane for export via exocytosis
Mitochondria provide fuel in form of ATP (comes from the breakdown of glucose) throughout this process
Protein Synthesis
Describe this process in more detail
- DNA (housed in the nucleus) serves as blueprint for protein synthesis
- Ribosomes (within cytoplasm) receive a copy of blueprint & use it to make protein
** some protein is made for that cell while some is made for export to other areas of the body** - ribosomes (which make protein for other areas of the body) are attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
- Rough ER transports protein to toher regions of cell where golgi app. is located
- Golgi app. sorts, packages and prepares protein for export out of cell
- Secretory vessicle fuses with plasma membrane - disintegrating to expel protein into interstitial fluid by way of exocytosis
- Protein can then be carried to other regions of the body
Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP throughout the “expensive” process by breaking down gylcogen for glucose stores
What are the potential benefits of massage therapy on the cell?
- increase blood flow (necessary for cell function) => aiding the cell in their functioning at least a miniscule amount
- may contribute to the removal of routine metabolic waste in blood
