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A&P 1 > A&P 2.1 > Flashcards

A&P 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cell

A
  • basic structural & functional unit of all living organisms
  • Can vary greatly in structure
  • Human body is composed of trillions of cells constantly renegerating and replacing
  • The main function of almost all is to produce protein
  • Bathed in interstitial fluid
  • Generalized was discovered around ~1600A.D.
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2
Q

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

List the 3 basic parts of a generazlied cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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3
Q

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the nucleus

A
  • takes on the shape of the cell
  • some cells have more than one
  • contains DNA
  • typically in the center of the cell, but can be anywhere
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4
Q

Describe DNA

A

the genetic blueprint & instruction manual for protein synthesis

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5
Q

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the plasma membrane

A
  • the thin, outer barrier allowing the cell to communicate with the outer environment
  • selectively permeable
  • creates intra/extracellular environments
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6
Q

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • made of phospholipids (compound lipids) which contain fat, protein and cholesterol
    ** cholesterol allows plasma membrane to be flexible and therefore support integrity of phospholipids
  • sugar molecules can stick to outside of plasma membrane
    **allow cell to stick to other things it passes in order to interact with environment and “sample” things
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7
Q

Describe interstitial fluid

A
  • Diluted saltwater solution that all cells are suspended in
  • Contains vital nutrients
  • Allows cell to interact with this environment (draw water in or out)
  • Allows removal of waste
  • Contains enzymes
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8
Q

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Describe lipids

A
  • fats
  • have head & tail arrangement in double “bi” layer
  • head = hydrophilic
  • tail = hydrophobic
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9
Q

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Proteins

A
  • scattered throughout the plasma membrane
  • can change shape to be receptor sides, passageways or actively carry material across the membrane
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10
Q

List the functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • membrane transport
  • maintenance of an electrical gradient
  • interaction with the outside environment
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11
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Describe membrane transport and list its types

A
  • When material is passed through the membrane
  • Passive and active
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12
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Define passive transport

A

the passing of material through the plasma membrane without the use of energy from cell

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13
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Define active transport

A

passing of material through the plasma membrane requiring energy from the cell

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14
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

List the types of passive transport

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
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15
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Passive Transport

Describe diffusion

A

Material moving across plasma membrane by following the concentration gradient from high to low

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16
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Passive Transport

Describe osmosis

A

passive movement of water across plasma membrane from high to low concentration

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17
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

List the types of active transport

A
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
18
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe endocytosis and its types

A
  • cell taking in material by enveloping plasma membrane around extracellular material
  • phagocytosis and pinocytosis
19
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe phagocytosis

A
  • “cell eating”
  • cell taking in solid material
20
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe pinocytosis

A
  • “cell drinking”
  • taking in of fluids
21
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane - Active Transport

Describe exocytosis

A
  • expelling of material from cell
  • piece of plasma membrane within the cell merges with plasma membrane to keep continuous barrier while being able to send material outside of the cell
22
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Describe how the plasma membrane maintains an electrical gradient

A

All cells maintain separate charges on either side of the plasma membrane to allow for the potential to conduct electrical energy

23
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Describe how the plasma membrane allows for interaction with the outside environment

A
  • Proteins & sugar molecules outside of the plasma membrane allow for extracellular communication by either direct contact or chemical signals
24
Q

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

Describe the cytoplasm

A

Substance within the plasma membrane yet outside of the nucleus

25
Q

3 Basic Parts of the General Cell

List the parts of the cytoplasm

A
  • cytosol
  • inclusions
  • organelles
26
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm

Describe cytosol

A
  • watery portion of the cytoplasm which contains: salts, water, sugars, proteins, waste, enzymes, etc.
  • viscous, semi-transparent fluid
27
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm

Describe inclusions

A
  • chemical substances floating within the cytoplasm which relate to the function of that cell
    *

Ex: glycogen (stored form of glucose which is needed to create ATP), melanin, fat

28
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm

Describe organelles

A
  • Metabolic machinery of the cell
  • How the cell is able to function and produce protein
29
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

List the organelles of a generalized cell

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Secretory vessicles
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
30
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Describe ribosomes

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • some float freely within cytoplasm making protein for that cell
  • some attach to membranes making proteins to export to other areas of the body
31
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • network of tubes and membranes within the cytoplasm serving as anchor points for some ribosomes
  • deliver proteins from one area of the cell to another
  • rough has ribosomes attached, smooth does not
32
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • “UPS” of the cell
  • flattened out membranes which sort, package and distribute proteins for export out of the cell
  • portions pinch off to form secretory vessicles
33
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Secretory Vessicles

A
  • Enclosed structures which carry protein produced by/from cell to plasma membrane where they fuse with it by disintegrating their walls to release protein by way of exocytosis
34
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Lysosomes

A
  • type of secretory vessicle filled with digestive enzymes used to destroy worn out organelles & foreign material that enters the cell
35
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Mitochondria

A
  • provides cell with energy in the form of ATP
  • the more productive the cell => the more mitochondria it has (ms. cells have many)
36
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Cilia

A
  • hair-like projections off of plasma membrane which serve to move material across the cell surface
  • respiratory tract lined with cilia to keep “mucous blanket” moving
37
Q

Parts of the Cytoplasm - Organelles

Flagella

A
  • tail-like extensions off plasma membrane which propel the cell
  • only example in the human body is the sperm cell
38
Q

Describe protein synthesis

A
  • complex process of cells in which (as miniature factories) they synthesize a variety of different proteins that make up the chemical & physical nature of the body as a whole.
  • DNA serves as the genetic blueprint for this manufacturing
  • Some cells utilize their produced protein while the rest is exported for use in other areas of the body
39
Q

Protein Synthesis

State the basic, summarized steps of this process

A
  • Ribosomes produce protein and deliver it to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • ER transports protein to golgi apparatus
  • Golgi app. packages protein into secretory vessicles
  • Secretory vessicles pinch off from golgi app. and deliver protein to plasma membrane for export via exocytosis

Mitochondria provide fuel in form of ATP (comes from the breakdown of glucose) throughout this process

40
Q

Protein Synthesis

Describe this process in more detail

A
  • DNA (housed in the nucleus) serves as blueprint for protein synthesis
  • Ribosomes (within cytoplasm) receive a copy of blueprint & use it to make protein
    ** some protein is made for that cell while some is made for export to other areas of the body**
  • ribosomes (which make protein for other areas of the body) are attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
  • Rough ER transports protein to toher regions of cell where golgi app. is located
  • Golgi app. sorts, packages and prepares protein for export out of cell
  • Secretory vessicle fuses with plasma membrane - disintegrating to expel protein into interstitial fluid by way of exocytosis
  • Protein can then be carried to other regions of the body

Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP throughout the “expensive” process by breaking down gylcogen for glucose stores

41
Q

What are the potential benefits of massage therapy on the cell?

A
  • increase blood flow (necessary for cell function) => aiding the cell in their functioning at least a miniscule amount
  • may contribute to the removal of routine metabolic waste in blood

A&P 1 (18 decks)

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