A&P 1.8 Flashcards
Joint Classification
How can we classify joints?
By function or structure
Joint Classification
Name the different types of joint function
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
Joint Classification
Describe synarthroses joints
- immovable
- connected by fibrous tissue
Ex: cranial sutures, 1st rib/sternum
Joint Classification
Describe amphiarthroses joints
- “semi-movable”
- has a cartilaginous disc between bones
Ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Joint Classification
Describe diarthroses joints
- highly movable
- joint is surrounded by CT
Ex: glenohumeral, femoacetabular
Joint Classification
Name the different types of joints by structure
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Joint Classification
Define fibrous joints
bone to bone connected by dense CT
Joint Classification
Define cartilaginous joints
bone to bone joined by cartilage
Joint Classification
Define synovial joints
bone to bone surrounded by a CT capsule and filled with fluid
The type of joint MTs have the most effect on
Joint Classification
List the components of a synovial joint
- Articular cartilage
- Articular Capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Ligaments
- Reinforcing ligaments
- Articular discs (menisci)
- Bursae
Joint Classification
Describe articular cartilage
specialized cartilage that provides a smooth, frictionless gliding surface for bone to move over
Joint Classification
Describe the articular capsule
the envelope surrounding a synovial joint
Joint Classification
Which components make up the articular capsule?
- Fibrous capsule
- Synovial membrane
Joint Classification
Describe the fibrous capsule
outer layer of the articular capsule made of dense CT
- provides structure
Joint Classification
Describe the synovial membrane
inner lining of the articular capsule
- contains and creates synovial fluid
Joint Classification
Describe the joint cavity
space between the bones of synovial
joints which is filled with synovial fluid
- creates cushions
Joint Classification
List the function of ligaments
- connect bone to bone
- provide a framework for structures
- strengthen joints
- not responsible for movement
- actually limt some movement to
prevent twisting - stabilize muscle and bone
Joint Classification
Describe the characteristics of ligaments
- poor blood supply
- difficult to heal - have a set amount of elasticity
- overstretching means that ligament is forever weakend and wont regain l original strength/elasticity
Joint Classification
Define reinforcing ligaments
hold bones together while limiting joint to a specific ROM
Joint Classification
Define articular discs by description and function
D) a piece of cartilage found where bones meet
F) protect against compression by providing cushions
AKA menisci
Joint Classification
Describe bursae by description and function
D) thin sacs of CT that are filled with fluid and found in high compression areas
F) provide cushion
Movements at Synovial Joints
List the different types of movement possible at a synovial joint
- Flexion
- Lateral flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Rotation
- Medial (internal) rotation
- Lateral (external) rotation
- Circumduction
FLEA CALMR
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define flexion
- when the angle between articulating surfaces is decreased
- generally occurs along the sagittal plane
“structures are brought closer together”
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define lateral flexion
- when the angle between articulating surfaces decreases in a lateral plane
- only occurs at the neck and waist
- occurs in the frontal (coronal) plane
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define extension
- when the angle between articulating surfaces is increased
- may occur when the body returns to anatomical position from a flexed position (since the body is in extension in anatomical position)
Side note: define hyperextension
= a joint POSITION (the movement itself is still extension) which is past the point of anatomical position
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define abduction
- movement of the body part away from the midline
- also occurs when “fanning”/spreading the digits along the frontal/lateral plane
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define adduction
movement of the body part towards the midline
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define rotation
movement of a body part around its own linear axis
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define medial (internal) rotation
- when the anterior surface of the body part moves toward the midline
- occurs only at the hip and shoulder joints
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define lateral (external) rotation
- when the anterior surface of the body part moves away from the midline
- occurs only at the hip and shoulder joints
Movements at Synovial Joints
Define circumduction
- when the procimal end of the body part remains stables and the distal ends makes a circular movement
- is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Movements of Joints
List the specialized movements of the foot at the ankle joint
- Inversion (supination)
- Eversion (pronation)
- Plantarflexion
- Dorsiflexion
Movements of Joints
Define inversion of the foot
occurs when the sole of the foot faces inward, toward the midline of the body
“supination” of the foot at the ankle
Movements of Joints
Define eversion of the foot
occurs when the sole of the foot faces outward, away from the midline
“pronation” of the foot at the ankle
Movements of Joints
List the specialized movements of the scapula
- Protraction (abduction)
- Retraction (adduction)
- Elevation
- Depression
Jaw movements use the same terminology
Movements of Joints
Define protraction of the scapula
occurs when the scapula moves away from the midline of the body
“abduction” of the scapula at the clavicle?
Movements of Joints
Define retraction of the scapula
occurs when the scapula moves toward the midline of the body
“adduction” of the scapula at the clavicle?
Movements of Joints
Define elevation of the scapula
occurs when the scapula is moved upward vertically toward the ears (shrug motion)
Movements of Joints
Define depression of the scapula
occurs when the scapula moves downward away from the head
Movements of Joints
List the specialized movements of the forearm at the elbow
- Pronation
- Supination
Movements of Joints
Define supination of the forearm at the elbow
occurs when the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
Movements of Joints
Define pronation of the forearm at the elbow
occurs when the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Movements of Joints
List the specialized movements of the hand at the wrist
- Radial deviation
- Ulnar deviation
Movements of Joints
Define radial deviation
the hand deviates away from midline of the body along the lateral/coronal plane
(thumb leads)
Synovial Joints Based on Shape of Articulating Bones
List the different types
- Plane/gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
- Ball and socket
- Condylar
Movements of Joints
Define ulnar deviation
hand deviates toward the midline of the body along the lateral/coronal plane
(pinky leads)
Movements of Joints
What is the name of the specialized movement of the pollex?
Opposition
Movements of Joints
Define opposition
when the thumb moves to touch the tips of the other digits
