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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 2 L6 > Flashcards

A&P 2 L6 Flashcards

0
Q

Sex cell= Sperm/ egg

A

Gamete

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1
Q

Reproduction without union of gametes

A

Asexual

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2
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Lower classes of animals; piece of organism breaks off & forms new individual

A

Fragmentation

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3
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Simple cell division to form a new organism

A

Fission

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4
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Only involves eggs; the development of unfertilized eggs

A

Parthogensis

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5
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

One egg and One sperm;
Forms a zygote; then zygote splits

A

Identical Twins

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6
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Specialized structure bud and release; reproduces by forming buds by mitosis

A

Budding

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7
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Only one parent
  2. Produce a lot of individual in a
    short period of time.
  3. Adapted to their environment
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8
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction:

A
  1. Very little genetic ability
  2. Not well adapted to changing
    environment
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9
Q

Sexual Reproduction:

Sex cells- Sperm/ eggs combine

A

Union of Gametes

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10
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Genetic recombination- A lot
  2. Genetic Variability- A lot
  3. Adapt well to changing
    environment
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11
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. 2 parents
  2. Much more complex
    reproductive processes and
    reproductive structure
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12
Q

Body cells; example- zygote, skin cells

A

Somatic cell

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13
Q

Gonads- define and give 2 examples

A

Primary sex cell producing organ

Ex. Testes and ovaries

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14
Q

Every other structure besides “Gonads” in the male and female reproductive system is called secondary organs:

True or False

A

True

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15
Q

Fertilized eggs = (2N=diploid)

A

Zygote

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16
Q

1 replication of chromosomes and 2 cell division (tested & ovaries)

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

Define Mitosis:

A

1 Replication of chromosomes and 1 cell division

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18
Q

R= Haploid is:

A

Sperm and egg= N= 23

Single set of chromosomes

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19
Q

2n= Biploid

A

46 chromosomes
2 Full sets of chromosomes

2N= 46

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20
Q

The only cells in the human body that are not diploid cells are:

A

Sperm and Egg

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21
Q

Haploid Cells are:

A

Sperm and egg

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22
Q

What is “Spermatogenesis:

A

When sperm is produced and occurs in the testes

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23
Q

What is “Oogenesis:

A

Ovaries production of eggs

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24
Q

Name 2 types of asexual reproduction

A

Fission, budding, parthenogenesis, identical twins

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25
Q

Name 2 advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic recombination, genetic variation, advantageous in changing environments

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26
Q

What was the 1st class of animals to no longer require water for sexual reproduction

A

Reptiles

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27
Q

Mammals with pouches are called

A

Marsupials

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28
Q

When animals moved onto the land from the water, fertilization and embryonic development went from _______ to _________

A

External/internal

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29
Q

Name 2 gonads in man

A

Testes & ovaries

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30
Q

What is gubernaclum and what is its function

A

Fibromuscular cord that aids in the descent of the testes from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

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31
Q

What is acrosome

A

Structure found at the anterior end of a sperm cell; contains enzymes that aid in penetration of the egg

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32
Q

Approximately how long. Do sperm cells remains in the epididymis

A

18hrs

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33
Q

What are 2 substances that are secreted by the seminal vesicle

A

Alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins

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34
Q

What is the gland located under the prostate gland that secrete a mucus-like lubricant

A

Bulbourethral glands (cowpers gland)

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35
Q

The pH of semen

A

7.5

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36
Q

What is most abundant in androgens

A

Testosterone

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37
Q

The hormone FSH and LH are found only in females. True or False

A

False

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38
Q

The external female reproductive organs are collectively known as the

A

Vulva

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39
Q

What male reproductive structure is homologous to labia majora

A

Scrotum

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40
Q

What hormone is produced by the corpus lutetium

A

Progesterone

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41
Q

The outermost layer if the uterine wall is called

A

Perimetrium

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42
Q

If fertilization occurs,it will occur in the

A

Oviduct (Fallopian tube)

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43
Q

What is a zygote

A

Fertilize egg

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44
Q

The transformation of a fertilized egg into a complete organism is known as

A

Development

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45
Q

What is a fertilization membrane and what is responsible for its formation

A

Membrane produced by an egg to prevent the entry of sperm cells; initiated by the entry of sperm cell

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46
Q

Layer of cells enclosing the embryo in a blastocyst is known as

A

Trophoblast

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47
Q

Movement of cells of the blastocyst into new relative positions within the uterine wall is called

A

gastrulation

48
Q

The outermost germ layer is called

49
Q

What is the second extraembryonic membrane to develop

50
Q

What constitutes the embryonic of the placenta

51
Q

Name of prenatal genetic test that is conducted by taking a sample of fluid from the amniotic cavity

A

Amniocentesis

52
Q

The male gonad is

53
Q

Male secondary reproductive structure secretes prostaglandins

A

Seminal vesicle

54
Q

An egg develops in a _______ located in the ovary

A

Ovarian/graffian follicle

55
Q

What is the function of the bartholins glands

A

Secrete mucus to lubricate the vulva

56
Q

Creation of the adult form/shape

A

Morphogenesis

57
Q

Name of muscular sphincter that guards the opening of the uterus into the vagina

58
Q

Structure in man is responsible for the exchange of nutrients, gases, & wastes between the mother & embryo

59
Q

Define fetus

A

Miniature man

60
Q

When a sperm cell leaves the epididymis, it enters the

A

Vas deferens

61
Q

What is the dilation stage of labor

A

Onset of contractions until full cervical dilation

62
Q

The urethra in males carries both _____ & _____

A

Urine/sperm

63
Q

Function of the ostium

A

Guides the egg into Fallopian tube

64
Q

At what specific site within the testes does spermatogenesis occur

A

Seminiferous tubules

65
Q

Liver cell of species A: 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in a zygote of species A

66
Q

Species B: haploid # chromosomes of 8. What is the combined #. Of chromosomes found in a brain cell , nerve cell & sex cell of species B

A

Brain cell: 16; nerve cell: 16; sex cell: 8

total: 40

67
Q

what are then3 steps of development

A

Growth
Differentiation
Morphogenesis

68
Q

4 events in fertilization

A
  1. Egg forms fertilization membrane
  2. Introduce male DNA
  3. Metabolic activation in the egg
  4. Cleavage
69
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid production of very tiny cells

70
Q

Formation of hollow ball of cells

A

Blastulation

71
Q

Hollow ball of cyst is called a

A

Blastocyst

72
Q

What is blastopore

A

Future anus

73
Q

Union of sperm/cell “gametes”

A

Fertitilization

74
Q

Specialization of cells & tissues

A

Differentiation

75
Q

Where is the short term location of sperm

A

Epididymis

76
Q

Where is the long term storage of sperm

A

Vas deferens

77
Q

The mitochondria of sperm is filled with what type of sugar

78
Q

What produces chorionic gonadotropin

A

Trophoblast

79
Q

What hormone targets the corpus luteum

A

Chorionic gonadotropin

80
Q

When a blastocyst burrows into the endometrium it’s called

A

Implantation

81
Q

The rearrangement of cells to germ layers is called

A

Gastrulation

82
Q

What are the 3. Germ layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

83
Q

What are the 2 types of protection during embryonic development

A

Thermal & mechanical protection

84
Q

What is the embryonic portion of the placenta

85
Q

What is the maternal portion of the placenta

A

Endometrium

86
Q

What is the rudimentary structure

87
Q

What forms the primitive urinary bladder

88
Q

Picture of chromosomes

A

Karyotypes

89
Q

What forms the umbilical cord

A

Allantoic stalk

90
Q

What type of test takes a small piece of chorion

A

Chorionic villus biopsy

91
Q

What type of test takes a sample of the amniotic fluid

A

Amniocentesis

92
Q

How many weeks is amniocentesis

93
Q

At How many weeks is chorionic villus biopsy

94
Q

What causes low birth weights (under 5-6lbs)

95
Q

What is knowing as the most sensitive period during pregnancy

A

1st 2 months

96
Q

During what trimester is protein intake critical to the fetus for brain development

97
Q

What is independent existence

A

Cutting the umbilical cord

98
Q

Body cells are also known as

A

Somatic cells

99
Q

What is the technical term for production of eggs

100
Q

Ovaries are known as the primary

101
Q

Testes are known as the primary

A

Spermatocyte

102
Q

Egg laying mammals; amniotic eggs; only mammals to be laid on land still parental care

A

Monotremes

103
Q

What is an example of monotremes

104
Q

Which animals require water for reproduction & produces many small eggs with external fertilization/embryonic development

A

Fish & amphibians

105
Q

At what age are men at risk for prostate gland problems & what percent

A

70-85 years old & 85%

106
Q

What is capicitation

A

Sperm cell can effectively fertilize an egg (due to enzymes in female body)

107
Q

Structures that have a common evolutionary origin is known as

A

Homologous

108
Q

What are some examples of homologous structures

A

Testes-ovaries
Scrotum-labia
Penis-clitoris

109
Q

What is analogous

A

Structures in the body that have the same purpose but different evolutionary origin

110
Q

What are some examples of analogous

A

Bird wings vs beetle wings

111
Q

Where is the hormone estrogen & androgen produce

A

Pituitary & hypothalamus

112
Q

Finger like structure that guides the egg to the Fallopian tube

A

Fimbriae/ostium

113
Q

Where is the oocyte produced

A

In a follicle

114
Q

What is a follicle

A

Chamber in the ovary

115
Q

Approximately how long does an oocyte live

116
Q

What transport the oocyte to the uterus from the ovary

A

Fallopian tube

117
Q

What are the 3 parts to the uterus

A

Fundus, body, cervix

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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