A&P 2 L4 Flashcards
Fluid that the lymphatic vessels carry
Lymph
Mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel
Lymph node
Type of white blood cell that provides immunity; B cell or T cell
Lymphocyte
Composed of 3 layers: an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle/elastic fibers & outer layer of CT
similar to veins but thinner
Lymphatic vessels
What drains lymph from the lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic trunk
Microscopic, closed-ended tubes; forms complex networks with the blood capillaries; picks up plasma
Lymphatic capillaries
What are the 2 main collecting ducts
Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct
Larger, longer of the 2 collecting ducts; originates in the abdomen; empties in the left subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Originates in the right thorax; empties in the right subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct
What happens after the lymph empties in the collecting ducts?
It’s now called plasma; returns to the right atrium
Where does the lymph from the lower body region enter
Thoracic duct
Where does the lymph from the right side of the head & neck enter
Right lymphatic duct
What moves lymph through the lymphatic system
Hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure & valves
Blood vessels & nerves join a lymph node through the indented region of the node
Hilum
What type of lymphatic vessels leads a node at various points on its convex surface
Afferent vessels
What type of lymphatic vessel leaves the node from the hilum
Efferent vessels
Allergy-causing agents (non-living); dust; pollen; food
allergens
Any response given by a lymphocyte to an antigen
Immunity
A particular antigen; antibiotics for staph/strep; vaccination shot
Specific
Covers a whole wide range; broad group
Non-specific
Any substance to which a lymphocyte shows a response; bacteria in body
Antigens
What are the 2 groups of antigens
Pathogens & allergens
Disease-causing agents (living organism); viruses; protozoans; bacteria; fungi
Pathogens
What attacks viruses & tumor; malignant/beign?
Interferon
What is the primary response to prevent the injury from spreading called
Localization
What removes unwanted clots
Heparin
Chemical attraction of WBCs toward the injury site
Positive chemotaxis
Stoppage of bleeding
Hemostasis
Movement of WBCs thru vessel walls
Diapedesis
Removal of damaged/cells and pathogens from area is known as
Phagocytosis
What Maintains constant blood volume prevent edema
Lymphatic system
What increases metabolic rate of tissue cells (ct cells; mitosis; cell growth)
Growth factors
What is released when cells are damaged
Chemicals; kinins; histamines; etc
What are some examples of injurious agents
Pathogens; allergens; chemicals
When blood vessels dilate what happens next
Increased in blood flow into area
What happens after clotting proteins enter the area
Hemostasis
Fluid in tissue spaces
Edema
The presents and multiplication of disease-causing agents
Infection
Blood cell producing tissue
Hematopoietic tissue
Substances that the body produces
Self-substances
Substances that enters our body from the outside
Non-self substance
RBM in the fetus produces what
Undifferentiated lymphocytes
When a cell is undifferentiated it
Has no purpose
When a cell is differentiated it
Has a purpose
Stem cells are
Undifferentiated
During fetal development what produces blood cells
Fetal liver, spleen & yolk sac
The undifferentiated lymphocytes goes into what
The blood
What hormone does the thymus gland produce
Thymosin
Thymosin targets what cells
Thymocytes
Once thymocytes are differentiated they produce what
T lymphocytes or T cells
About 70-80% of the __ ___________ circulates the lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
About 20-30% of what becomes abundant in lymph nodes; thoracic duct; spleen
T lymphocytes
Where is the thymus gland located
Between the trachea & heart
About what % of the undifferentiated lymphocytes are processed in the liver
50%
Bone marrow derived are known as
B-lymphocytes
Approximately what % does b lymphocytes circulates the lymphocytes
20-30%
What cells act directly against antigens by producing & secreting antibodies
B cells
What is an example of antibodies
Gamma globulins
What cells synthesize and secrete lymphokines which enhance various cellular response to antigens
T cells
Which cell are cell mediated
T & B cells
What cell requires the presence of another kind of cell before they become activated
T cells
When someone acts the same way as you they are a
Clone
1st time T cell or B cell sees its particular antigen: 1st encounter with particular antigen
Primary immune response
Anytime after the 1st encounter; a lot of memory cells that are left; they remember that particular antigen & attack fast
Secondary immune response
What produces antibodies
B cells
What are lacteals
Specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine
What are the functions of lacteals
Absorb & transport lipids from the digestive system
Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary is called
Lymph
Lymph glands are called
Nodes
What is the largest lymphatic organ
Spleen
Where are t lymphocytes produced
Thymus gland
Disease-causing agents are known as
Pathogens
Name some non-specific immunity
Species resistance, mechanical barriers, enzymatic actions, interferon, inflammation, phagocytosis
The resistance of a particular foreign agents is called
Specific immunity
A group of hormone-like peptides; produced by lymphocytes & fibroblasts are known as
Interferon
An artificially acquired active immunity is also known as
Vaccine
What reaction can either be immediate or delayed
Allergic
What type of drugs are given to organ transplant recipients
Immunosuppressive drugs
The right lymphatic duct empties into the what of the circulatory system
Right subclavian vein
The movement of lymph is controlled largely by
Skeletal activity
Structural units of lymph nodes are called
Nodules
Lymph nodes contain large numbers of cells called
Lymphocytes
Large numbers of what are responsible for the color of the “red pulp” in the spleen
RBCs
The body’s defense mechanisms against disease-agents is called
Immunity
What picks up the plasma that escapes from the capillary beds
Lymphatic capillaries
What filters lymph
Lymph nodes
What area few ways to move lymph
Skeletal muscles, valves, atmospheric pressure, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure
Where does interstitial fluid originate from
Plasma
What is a lobule
A space/cavity in the spleen
What tissue makes up the lymph nodes
Dense ct
Where is you spleen located
Lateral to stomach or outside the greater omentum
What organ is full of lymphocytes
Spleen
What organ can we live without in the lymphatic system
Spleen
Where are T cells produced
Thymus gland
Antibodies produced & secreted by ______ are ALL soluble globular proteins called_______
B cells; immunoglobulins
What can serve as an accessory cell to the T cells
Macrophages/B cells
Type of Specific Immunity: produces antibodies; long term immunity; gets the disease
Naturally acquired active immunity
Type of specific immunity: long term immunity; vaccine
Artificially acquired active immunity
Type of specific immunity: gamma globulins injections with ready made antibodies; short term
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What are haptens
Small allergens
What drug stops the body from rejecting the organ
Immunosuppressive drug
What allows females to keep an embryo attached to her uterus; prevents antibodies to attack the fetus
Selective immune response
Type of allergic reaction: exaggerated response
Delay
Type of allergic response: when exposed with allergen; has an allergic reaction right away
Immediate
Cells produced by allergens design to take care of specific allergens
T suppressor
T or B cells remember the antigen after 1st response; prevents you from getting as ill
(Basically when you get sick, the specific cell comes to the site and fights the antigen off so that you don’t get sick the 2nd time)
Memory cells
What happens after hemostasis in the immunity response
Fibrin barrier
Every species are immune from other species; resistance to the diseases
Species resistance
Membranes (cutaneous membrane=skin) keeps everything out
Mechanical barriers
Everyone of our body fluid contains enzymes that fight infections
Enzymatic actions
Chemical produced by fibroblast & lymphocyte
Viruses & tumors
Interferon
Neutrophil & monocytes to engulf them
Eats everything
Phagocytosis
What is the difference between specific & non-specific immunity
Specific- respond to a unique/particular set of cells; non-specific- responds to a wide range of cells
What does the spleen filter?
Blood
The vessels into which fats are absorbed are called
Lacteals
Where is the red pulp & white pulp located
Spleen
The red & white pulp are located where in the spleen
In the lobules
What is the lymph node & spleen sectioned off by
Dense CT
