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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 2 L4 > Flashcards

A&P 2 L4 Flashcards

0
Q

Fluid that the lymphatic vessels carry

A

Lymph

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1
Q

Mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel

A

Lymph node

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2
Q

Type of white blood cell that provides immunity; B cell or T cell

A

Lymphocyte

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3
Q

Composed of 3 layers: an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle/elastic fibers & outer layer of CT
similar to veins but thinner

A

Lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

What drains lymph from the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic trunk

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5
Q

Microscopic, closed-ended tubes; forms complex networks with the blood capillaries; picks up plasma

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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6
Q

What are the 2 main collecting ducts

A

Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct

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7
Q

Larger, longer of the 2 collecting ducts; originates in the abdomen; empties in the left subclavian vein

A

Thoracic duct

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8
Q

Originates in the right thorax; empties in the right subclavian vein

A

Right lymphatic duct

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9
Q

What happens after the lymph empties in the collecting ducts?

A

It’s now called plasma; returns to the right atrium

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10
Q

Where does the lymph from the lower body region enter

A

Thoracic duct

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11
Q

Where does the lymph from the right side of the head & neck enter

A

Right lymphatic duct

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12
Q

What moves lymph through the lymphatic system

A

Hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure & valves

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13
Q

Blood vessels & nerves join a lymph node through the indented region of the node

A

Hilum

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14
Q

What type of lymphatic vessels leads a node at various points on its convex surface

A

Afferent vessels

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15
Q

What type of lymphatic vessel leaves the node from the hilum

A

Efferent vessels

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16
Q

Allergy-causing agents (non-living); dust; pollen; food

A

allergens

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17
Q

Any response given by a lymphocyte to an antigen

A

Immunity

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18
Q

A particular antigen; antibiotics for staph/strep; vaccination shot

A

Specific

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19
Q

Covers a whole wide range; broad group

A

Non-specific

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20
Q

Any substance to which a lymphocyte shows a response; bacteria in body

A

Antigens

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21
Q

What are the 2 groups of antigens

A

Pathogens & allergens

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22
Q

Disease-causing agents (living organism); viruses; protozoans; bacteria; fungi

A

Pathogens

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23
Q

What attacks viruses & tumor; malignant/beign?

A

Interferon

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24
Q

What is the primary response to prevent the injury from spreading called

A

Localization

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25
Q

What removes unwanted clots

A

Heparin

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26
Q

Chemical attraction of WBCs toward the injury site

A

Positive chemotaxis

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27
Q

Stoppage of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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28
Q

Movement of WBCs thru vessel walls

A

Diapedesis

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29
Q

Removal of damaged/cells and pathogens from area is known as

A

Phagocytosis

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30
Q

What Maintains constant blood volume prevent edema

A

Lymphatic system

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31
Q

What increases metabolic rate of tissue cells (ct cells; mitosis; cell growth)

A

Growth factors

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32
Q

What is released when cells are damaged

A

Chemicals; kinins; histamines; etc

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33
Q

What are some examples of injurious agents

A

Pathogens; allergens; chemicals

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34
Q

When blood vessels dilate what happens next

A

Increased in blood flow into area

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35
Q

What happens after clotting proteins enter the area

A

Hemostasis

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36
Q

Fluid in tissue spaces

A

Edema

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37
Q

The presents and multiplication of disease-causing agents

A

Infection

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38
Q

Blood cell producing tissue

A

Hematopoietic tissue

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39
Q

Substances that the body produces

A

Self-substances

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40
Q

Substances that enters our body from the outside

A

Non-self substance

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41
Q

RBM in the fetus produces what

A

Undifferentiated lymphocytes

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42
Q

When a cell is undifferentiated it

A

Has no purpose

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43
Q

When a cell is differentiated it

A

Has a purpose

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44
Q

Stem cells are

A

Undifferentiated

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45
Q

During fetal development what produces blood cells

A

Fetal liver, spleen & yolk sac

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46
Q

The undifferentiated lymphocytes goes into what

A

The blood

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47
Q

What hormone does the thymus gland produce

A

Thymosin

48
Q

Thymosin targets what cells

A

Thymocytes

49
Q

Once thymocytes are differentiated they produce what

A

T lymphocytes or T cells

50
Q

About 70-80% of the __ ___________ circulates the lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes

51
Q

About 20-30% of what becomes abundant in lymph nodes; thoracic duct; spleen

A

T lymphocytes

52
Q

Where is the thymus gland located

A

Between the trachea & heart

53
Q

About what % of the undifferentiated lymphocytes are processed in the liver

A

50%

54
Q

Bone marrow derived are known as

A

B-lymphocytes

55
Q

Approximately what % does b lymphocytes circulates the lymphocytes

A

20-30%

56
Q

What cells act directly against antigens by producing & secreting antibodies

A

B cells

57
Q

What is an example of antibodies

A

Gamma globulins

58
Q

What cells synthesize and secrete lymphokines which enhance various cellular response to antigens

A

T cells

59
Q

Which cell are cell mediated

A

T & B cells

60
Q

What cell requires the presence of another kind of cell before they become activated

A

T cells

61
Q

When someone acts the same way as you they are a

A

Clone

62
Q

1st time T cell or B cell sees its particular antigen: 1st encounter with particular antigen

A

Primary immune response

63
Q

Anytime after the 1st encounter; a lot of memory cells that are left; they remember that particular antigen & attack fast

A

Secondary immune response

64
Q

What produces antibodies

A

B cells

65
Q

What are lacteals

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine

66
Q

What are the functions of lacteals

A

Absorb & transport lipids from the digestive system

67
Q

Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary is called

A

Lymph

68
Q

Lymph glands are called

A

Nodes

69
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

70
Q

Where are t lymphocytes produced

A

Thymus gland

71
Q

Disease-causing agents are known as

A

Pathogens

72
Q

Name some non-specific immunity

A

Species resistance, mechanical barriers, enzymatic actions, interferon, inflammation, phagocytosis

73
Q

The resistance of a particular foreign agents is called

A

Specific immunity

74
Q

A group of hormone-like peptides; produced by lymphocytes & fibroblasts are known as

A

Interferon

75
Q

An artificially acquired active immunity is also known as

A

Vaccine

76
Q

What reaction can either be immediate or delayed

A

Allergic

77
Q

What type of drugs are given to organ transplant recipients

A

Immunosuppressive drugs

78
Q

The right lymphatic duct empties into the what of the circulatory system

A

Right subclavian vein

79
Q

The movement of lymph is controlled largely by

A

Skeletal activity

80
Q

Structural units of lymph nodes are called

A

Nodules

81
Q

Lymph nodes contain large numbers of cells called

A

Lymphocytes

82
Q

Large numbers of what are responsible for the color of the “red pulp” in the spleen

A

RBCs

83
Q

The body’s defense mechanisms against disease-agents is called

A

Immunity

84
Q

What picks up the plasma that escapes from the capillary beds

A

Lymphatic capillaries

85
Q

What filters lymph

A

Lymph nodes

86
Q

What area few ways to move lymph

A

Skeletal muscles, valves, atmospheric pressure, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure

87
Q

Where does interstitial fluid originate from

A

Plasma

88
Q

What is a lobule

A

A space/cavity in the spleen

89
Q

What tissue makes up the lymph nodes

A

Dense ct

90
Q

Where is you spleen located

A

Lateral to stomach or outside the greater omentum

91
Q

What organ is full of lymphocytes

A

Spleen

92
Q

What organ can we live without in the lymphatic system

A

Spleen

93
Q

Where are T cells produced

A

Thymus gland

94
Q

Antibodies produced & secreted by ______ are ALL soluble globular proteins called_______

A

B cells; immunoglobulins

95
Q

What can serve as an accessory cell to the T cells

A

Macrophages/B cells

96
Q

Type of Specific Immunity: produces antibodies; long term immunity; gets the disease

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

97
Q

Type of specific immunity: long term immunity; vaccine

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

98
Q

Type of specific immunity: gamma globulins injections with ready made antibodies; short term

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

99
Q

What are haptens

A

Small allergens

100
Q

What drug stops the body from rejecting the organ

A

Immunosuppressive drug

101
Q

What allows females to keep an embryo attached to her uterus; prevents antibodies to attack the fetus

A

Selective immune response

102
Q

Type of allergic reaction: exaggerated response

A

Delay

103
Q

Type of allergic response: when exposed with allergen; has an allergic reaction right away

A

Immediate

104
Q

Cells produced by allergens design to take care of specific allergens

A

T suppressor

105
Q

T or B cells remember the antigen after 1st response; prevents you from getting as ill
(Basically when you get sick, the specific cell comes to the site and fights the antigen off so that you don’t get sick the 2nd time)

A

Memory cells

106
Q

What happens after hemostasis in the immunity response

A

Fibrin barrier

107
Q

Every species are immune from other species; resistance to the diseases

A

Species resistance

108
Q

Membranes (cutaneous membrane=skin) keeps everything out

A

Mechanical barriers

109
Q

Everyone of our body fluid contains enzymes that fight infections

A

Enzymatic actions

110
Q

Chemical produced by fibroblast & lymphocyte

Viruses & tumors

A

Interferon

111
Q

Neutrophil & monocytes to engulf them

Eats everything

A

Phagocytosis

112
Q

What is the difference between specific & non-specific immunity

A

Specific- respond to a unique/particular set of cells; non-specific- responds to a wide range of cells

113
Q

What does the spleen filter?

A

Blood

114
Q

The vessels into which fats are absorbed are called

A

Lacteals

115
Q

Where is the red pulp & white pulp located

A

Spleen

116
Q

The red & white pulp are located where in the spleen

A

In the lobules

117
Q

What is the lymph node & spleen sectioned off by

A

Dense CT

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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