A&P 2 L2 Flashcards
What separates the nasal cavity & oral cavity
Hard & soft palates
What are the 3 advantages to nose-breathing?
- Filter air
- Humidify
- Warm
What divides the air flow into the nasal cavity
Septum
Define deviated septum
Nasal septum bend during birth or occur subsequently from trauma: making it difficult to breathe—-> surgery
Inflammation of the sinus
Sinusitis
Air filled space
Reduced the weight of the skull
Gives your voice quality
Sinus
What is URTI stand for and what is it
Upper respiratory tract infection; infection outside the thoracic cavity
Tissue that is 95% lining of the respiratory system
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar E.T
Opening into larynx
Glottis
C shaped rings that lines down the airways
Hyaline cartilage C.T
Inflammation of the larynx
Laryngitis
What is pulmonary ventilation
Means brea thing
What are 2 types of respiration
External & internal respiration
Lung level; exchange of gases O2 & CO2, between lungs & atmosphere
External respiration
Bluish color change in the skin
Cyanosis
What moves the gases between external respiration & internal respiration
Blood
Cellular respiration; stages is glycosis, Kreb’s cycle, ETS
Internal respiration
Insufficient amount of oxygen in the body
Hypoxia
What are the 4 types of hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia
Hypemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Stagnant hypoxia
Lung level hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia
Blood level hypoxia; blood is not able to carry blood as it should
Ex: carbon monoxide & anemia
Hypemia hypoxia
Cell level
Cells that can’t use oxygen
Ex: carbon monoxide
Histotoxic hypoxia
Pooling of blood
Sitting/standing in one place too long
Stagnant hypoxia
What is the outer part of the respiratory system
Nose
What is the atmospheric pressure of sea level
760 mmHg
What are meatuses
Space Cavities
As more atmospheric pressure drops it causes what
A stronger hurricane
What is PO2 stand for
Partial pressure of oxygen
At sea level what is the partial pressure
159.60 mmHg
What are the 3 meatuses in the nasal cavity
Superior, middle & inferior
What are the bones in the nasal cavity called
Turbinate bones/nasal conchae
Tension in vocal chords
Pitch
Stretching or shortening vocal chords
Change in pitch
Located at the ends of the bronchus; opening into the lungs
Hilus
Bronchus infection is called
Bronchitis
Wound that penetrates the chest cavity (letting air flow in & out)
Sucking chest wound
What is carina?
Similar function to the septum; directs air flow in the bronchi
Long term disease is known as
Chronic
Sudden onset disease is known as
Acute
Inflammation of the pleura cavity caused by bacteria infection
Pleurisy
The bronchi branches out into ____________
Bronchioles
Outer most covering of the lungs is called
Parietal pleura
Innermost layer of the lung that can’t be removed is the
Visceral pleura
What is located between the visceral pleura & parietal pleura
Pleural fluid
The bronchioles is made of what type of tissue
Cuboidal E.T
Collapse of the lung
Pneumothorax
- Chronic
- Caused by smoking
- Damages alveoli
- Destruction of lung tissue
Emphysema
When the ribs are no longer secure & is broken free its called
Flail chest
- caused by allergens
- constriction of the airways
Asthma
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- made of simple squamous E.T
- exchange oxygen in the respiratory sys.
Alveoli
- made of simple squamous E.T
- exchange oxygen in the cardiovascular sys
Capillaries
The alveoli is made up of how many layers
2 layers of simple squamous E.T & separated by the basement membrane
What is the function of the basement membrane
- Protein structure
- protection
What is the function of the nasal septum
Divides the air flow in the nasal cavity
What are the air filled spaces in the skull called
Sinuses
Where is the larynx located
Between pharynx & trachea
What prevents the trachea from collapsing when food is swallowed
Rings of hyaline cartilage
The bronchioles are lined with what type of tissue
Cuboidal ET
Which of the lungs is divided into 3 parts
Right
The movement of a large concentration of gas or liquid in response to pressure change and/or gravity called
Bulk flow
What is “surfactant” and what is its function
A lipoprotein secreted by certain alveolar cells.
Acts to reduce surface tension thereby decreasing the tendency of the alveoli to collapse
The ease with which the lungs can be expanded as a result of pressure changes occurring during breathing is called
Tidal volume
Vital capacity + residual volume =
Total lung capacity
What is the “anatomic dead space”
Air remaining in the trachea & bronchi that does not enter the alveoli
Laughing & coughing are examples of what type of air movements
Non respiratory
The medullary rhythmicity area is composed of what 2 groups of neurons
Dorsal. & ventral respiratory group
Where are the “chemoreceptors” located and what is their function
Carotid arteries & aorta
Monitor blood oxygen concentration
An abnormal change in the rate and depth of breathing is called
Hyperventilation
What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere at 50,000 feet
78%
The “cell level” form of hypoxia is known as
Histotoxic hypoxia
Approximately 98% of the oxygen carried in the blood is combined with
Hemoglobin
By what process is oxygen & carbon dioxide exchanged between the alveoli & capillaries
Simple diffusion
What is the primary chemical control of the rate & depth of breathing
Carbon dioxide
Blood is considered to be what type of tissue
Connective tissue
Approximately 55% of blood is
Plasma
What type of mature blood cells are bio concave & contain no nuclei
Erythrocytes
“Globin” is what portion of the hemoglobin molecule
Protein
“Hemo” is what portion of the hemoglobin molecule
Iron
What is “ferritin” and where is in found
Iron-protein complex found in liver cells
What is hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cells
The cytoplasmic granules of what type of blood cell stain “RED” in acid stain
1-3 %
Eosinophils
What type of leukocyte s are formed in the lymphatic system as well as in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
If the number if leukocytes exceeds 10,000 a person is said to have
Leukocytosis
What is diapedesis
Movement of leukocytes thru walls of blood vessels
What type of WBCs are weakly phagocytic & are attracted to various parasites of the body
Eosinophils
Thrombocytes are also known as
Platelets
Which plasma protein accounts for approximately 60% of the total plasma proteins & what is its primary function
Albumins
Helps maintain the “osmotic pressure” of the blood
Amino acids & simple sugars are examples of plasma
Nutrients
Name1 of the non proteins nitrogenous substance found in plasma
Amino acids Urea Uris acid Creatine Creatinine
What is hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
What substances released by thrombocytes causes the smooth muscles contractions of vessel walls
Serotonin
Threads of the protein ______ are necessary for the formation of blood clots
Fibrin
What is an “embolus”
Moving blood clot
A child has Type A blood. His mother’s genotype is BO. What are the possible “genotype” the father could have
AA/AO/AB
The perforation of the thoracic wall and subsequent collapses Of the lung is known as a
Pneumothorax
In order to exhale, the pressure in the thoracic cavity must
Increase
What is glycolysis
The anaerobic portion of the cellular respiration. The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
What is the final & most effective stage of hemostasis
Blood coagulation
Which globulin or globulins are synthesized in the liver & function to transport lipids & fat-soluble vitamins
Alpha & beta
What are the 2 sites of erythrocyte formation in the human. Embryo
Yolk sac, spleen, liver
Carbon dioxide is primarily found in the blood in the form of
Carbonic acid & bicarbonate ions
What is the “partial pressure” of oxygen at sea level (760mmHg)
159.6 mmHg
What is the purpose of the Herring-Breuer Reflex
Prevents the over-inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing
What is the average # of leukocytes
5000-10,000 mm3 blood
Less than 5,000 WBCs
Leukopenia
More than 10,000 WBCs
Leukocytosis
Acute bacterial infection, stress, dehydration & vigorous exercise causes
Leukocytosis
Viral infection, heavy metal, mercury & lead causes
Leukopenia
What is hyperplasia
Uncontrol cell production
What is anaplasia
Abnormal cell production
What is leukemia
Cancer; increase WBC
Non functional alveoli & lost alveoli so it’s not useable
Alveolar dead space
What is physiological dead space
Combination of both anatomic & alveolar
The amount of new air that enters the respiratory passageway per minute
Minute respiratory volume
TV - PDS (BR) =
Alveolar Ventilation Rate
Primary center of respiration
Medulla Oblangata
Secondary center of respiration
Pons
Monitors carbon dioxide
Chemosentive Area
What part of the medullary rhythmicity area handles normal breathing
Ventral respiratory group
What part of the medullary rhythmicity area handles forceful breathing: exercise
Dorsal respiratory group
PCV (packed cell volume) = hematocrit
Test that separates cells from plasma
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis
- Vessel spasm
- Platelets, plug formation
- Blood coagulation
99%
Carries oxygen to all parts of body on hemoglobin; stay inside blood vessels; 120 day lifespan; mature RBCs no nucleus; 1/3 hemoglobin; RBM (birth)
Erythrocytes
What shape are the RBCs
Biconcave discs
What are the 2 types of clotting mechanisms
Intrinsic & extrinsic
Blood contact with foreign surface
Intrinsic clotting mechanism
Chemical released by damaged tissue
Extrinsic clotting mechanisms
What are the nutritional requirements
Complex vitamin B
Iron
What are the 2 types of anemias
Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Decrease in hemoglobin is what type of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Decrease in RBCs ; Deficient amount of B12 is what type of anemia
Pernicious anemia
Erythropoietin is what
Production of RBCs
How long can thrombocytes live up to
10 days
Thrombocytes produces what that causes smooth muscle contractions
Serotonin
What is the storage form of iron in the liver
Ferritin
What do the spleen & liver both do?
Filter blood (save hemoglobins & splits it into iron proteins
What transfer iron to red bone marrow
Transfferin
A precursor (cant function on its own); Large plasma protein is known as
Fribrinogen
What does coagulation mean
Clot
Appearance; blue eyes is an example of what
Phenotype
Genes from the parents Bb/bb
Genotype
What does codominance mean
Equal dominance
What does leukocytes control
Disease companies
Chemical attraction of WBCs to the site of injury
Positive chemotaxis
Cytoplasmic granules visible; color of granules; size (compared to RBC) & nucleus
Granulocytes
No visible/present cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocytes
Light pink granules (neutral stain)
3-5 lobes
55-60%
Neutrophils
Alkaline/basic stain
Non phagocytic
Less than 1%
Basophils
Basophils secrete what 2 substances
Histamines & heparin
Neutrophils & monocytes are both what
Phagocytic
What is the smallest agranulocyte that is similar to a RBC
25-33%
Lymphocyte
What is the lifespan for a lymphocyte
Years
What WBCs are for long term immunity
Lymphocytes
T cells produce
Lymphokin
B cells produce
Antibodies
What agranulocyte is 3x the size of a RBC
3-9%
Phagocytic
Lifespan weeks-months
Monocytes
What does polymorphonucleated cell
Many various cell shapes
What are the 5 functions of plasma
- Plasma nutrients
- Plasm proteins
- Plasma. Electrolytes
- Plasma gases
- Non-protein nitrogenous substances
What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
60% smallest in size
Liver
Help regulate osmotic pressure
Albumins
35% separate in 3 categories alpha, beta & gamma
Globulins
Which globulins produce antibodies for immunity by the lymphatic tissue
Gamma
5% largest compared to albumins & globulins
Fibrinogen
What are the plasma gases
Oxygen & carbon dioxide
What are the plasma electrolytes
Calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate
What are the 4 plasma nutrients
Simple sugars (glucose)
Lipids (triglycerides)
Amino acids
Vitamins
Which area of the medulla Oblangata: depth of breathing and how long it lasts
Pneumotaxic area
What productuces erythropoietin
Kidneys
What breaks down themselves to become platelets
Megakaryocytes
Blood thinner
Heparin
Allergic reaction Rx
Histamine
What has a fluid matrix
Carries hormones
Help regulate body temperature
Slightly saline solution
Plasma
The ultilization of O2 and the production of CO2 by the body cells is known as
Internal respiration
What are the 2 major tracts
Upper resp. & lower resp.
Obstruction in nasal cavity
Deviated septum
Breathing difficulty in premature newborns
Hyaline membrane disease
Force that causes air to move into the lungs
Atmospheric pressure
Nasal infection or allergic reactions
Sinusitis
The portion that each gas contributes to the mixture is called
Partial pressure
Mrv= TV x BR
Minute resp.volume
What are the 2 major areas in resp. Sys
Medullary rhythmicity & pneumotaxic area
What is the percentage in the atmosphere at 50,000 feet
21
Changes in the concentration of CO2 in the blood causes the _____ of the blood to change
PH
What is the primary role in blood clotting
Fibrinogen
A blood clot is a
Thrombus
What is the hereditary disease that results in a lack of blood clotting
Hemphilia
An individual with the genotype AO would have what blood type
A
An individual with type B could have what possible genotypes
BB BO
