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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 2 L2 > Flashcards

A&P 2 L2 Flashcards

0
Q

What separates the nasal cavity & oral cavity

A

Hard & soft palates

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1
Q

What are the 3 advantages to nose-breathing?

A
  1. Filter air
  2. Humidify
  3. Warm
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2
Q

What divides the air flow into the nasal cavity

A

Septum

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3
Q

Define deviated septum

A

Nasal septum bend during birth or occur subsequently from trauma: making it difficult to breathe—-> surgery

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4
Q

Inflammation of the sinus

A

Sinusitis

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5
Q

Air filled space
Reduced the weight of the skull
Gives your voice quality

A

Sinus

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6
Q

What is URTI stand for and what is it

A

Upper respiratory tract infection; infection outside the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

Tissue that is 95% lining of the respiratory system

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar E.T

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8
Q

Opening into larynx

A

Glottis

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9
Q

C shaped rings that lines down the airways

A

Hyaline cartilage C.T

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10
Q

Inflammation of the larynx

A

Laryngitis

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11
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Means brea thing

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12
Q

What are 2 types of respiration

A

External & internal respiration

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13
Q

Lung level; exchange of gases O2 & CO2, between lungs & atmosphere

A

External respiration

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14
Q

Bluish color change in the skin

A

Cyanosis

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15
Q

What moves the gases between external respiration & internal respiration

A

Blood

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16
Q

Cellular respiration; stages is glycosis, Kreb’s cycle, ETS

A

Internal respiration

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17
Q

Insufficient amount of oxygen in the body

A

Hypoxia

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of hypoxia

A

Hypoxic hypoxia
Hypemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Stagnant hypoxia

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19
Q

Lung level hypoxia

A

Hypoxic hypoxia

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20
Q

Blood level hypoxia; blood is not able to carry blood as it should
Ex: carbon monoxide & anemia

A

Hypemia hypoxia

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21
Q

Cell level
Cells that can’t use oxygen
Ex: carbon monoxide

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

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22
Q

Pooling of blood

Sitting/standing in one place too long

A

Stagnant hypoxia

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23
Q

What is the outer part of the respiratory system

A

Nose

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24
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure of sea level

A

760 mmHg

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25
Q

What are meatuses

A

Space Cavities

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26
Q

As more atmospheric pressure drops it causes what

A

A stronger hurricane

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27
Q

What is PO2 stand for

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

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28
Q

At sea level what is the partial pressure

A

159.60 mmHg

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29
Q

What are the 3 meatuses in the nasal cavity

A

Superior, middle & inferior

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30
Q

What are the bones in the nasal cavity called

A

Turbinate bones/nasal conchae

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31
Q

Tension in vocal chords

A

Pitch

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32
Q

Stretching or shortening vocal chords

A

Change in pitch

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33
Q

Located at the ends of the bronchus; opening into the lungs

A

Hilus

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34
Q

Bronchus infection is called

A

Bronchitis

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35
Q

Wound that penetrates the chest cavity (letting air flow in & out)

A

Sucking chest wound

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36
Q

What is carina?

A

Similar function to the septum; directs air flow in the bronchi

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37
Q

Long term disease is known as

A

Chronic

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38
Q

Sudden onset disease is known as

A

Acute

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39
Q

Inflammation of the pleura cavity caused by bacteria infection

A

Pleurisy

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40
Q

The bronchi branches out into ____________

A

Bronchioles

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41
Q

Outer most covering of the lungs is called

A

Parietal pleura

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42
Q

Innermost layer of the lung that can’t be removed is the

A

Visceral pleura

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43
Q

What is located between the visceral pleura & parietal pleura

A

Pleural fluid

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44
Q

The bronchioles is made of what type of tissue

A

Cuboidal E.T

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45
Q

Collapse of the lung

A

Pneumothorax

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46
Q
  • Chronic
  • Caused by smoking
  • Damages alveoli
  • Destruction of lung tissue
A

Emphysema

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47
Q

When the ribs are no longer secure & is broken free its called

A

Flail chest

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48
Q
  • caused by allergens

- constriction of the airways

A

Asthma

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49
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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50
Q
  • made of simple squamous E.T

- exchange oxygen in the respiratory sys.

A

Alveoli

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51
Q
  • made of simple squamous E.T

- exchange oxygen in the cardiovascular sys

A

Capillaries

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52
Q

The alveoli is made up of how many layers

A

2 layers of simple squamous E.T & separated by the basement membrane

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53
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane

A
  • Protein structure

- protection

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54
Q

What is the function of the nasal septum

A

Divides the air flow in the nasal cavity

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55
Q

What are the air filled spaces in the skull called

A

Sinuses

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56
Q

Where is the larynx located

A

Between pharynx & trachea

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57
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing when food is swallowed

A

Rings of hyaline cartilage

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58
Q

The bronchioles are lined with what type of tissue

A

Cuboidal ET

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59
Q

Which of the lungs is divided into 3 parts

A

Right

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60
Q

The movement of a large concentration of gas or liquid in response to pressure change and/or gravity called

A

Bulk flow

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61
Q

What is “surfactant” and what is its function

A

A lipoprotein secreted by certain alveolar cells.

Acts to reduce surface tension thereby decreasing the tendency of the alveoli to collapse

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62
Q

The ease with which the lungs can be expanded as a result of pressure changes occurring during breathing is called

A

Tidal volume

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63
Q

Vital capacity + residual volume =

A

Total lung capacity

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64
Q

What is the “anatomic dead space”

A

Air remaining in the trachea & bronchi that does not enter the alveoli

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65
Q

Laughing & coughing are examples of what type of air movements

A

Non respiratory

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66
Q

The medullary rhythmicity area is composed of what 2 groups of neurons

A

Dorsal. & ventral respiratory group

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67
Q

Where are the “chemoreceptors” located and what is their function

A

Carotid arteries & aorta

Monitor blood oxygen concentration

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68
Q

An abnormal change in the rate and depth of breathing is called

A

Hyperventilation

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69
Q

What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere at 50,000 feet

A

78%

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70
Q

The “cell level” form of hypoxia is known as

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

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71
Q

Approximately 98% of the oxygen carried in the blood is combined with

A

Hemoglobin

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72
Q

By what process is oxygen & carbon dioxide exchanged between the alveoli & capillaries

A

Simple diffusion

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73
Q

What is the primary chemical control of the rate & depth of breathing

A

Carbon dioxide

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74
Q

Blood is considered to be what type of tissue

A

Connective tissue

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75
Q

Approximately 55% of blood is

A

Plasma

76
Q

What type of mature blood cells are bio concave & contain no nuclei

A

Erythrocytes

77
Q

“Globin” is what portion of the hemoglobin molecule

A

Protein

78
Q

“Hemo” is what portion of the hemoglobin molecule

A

Iron

79
Q

What is “ferritin” and where is in found

A

Iron-protein complex found in liver cells

80
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

81
Q

The cytoplasmic granules of what type of blood cell stain “RED” in acid stain
1-3 %

A

Eosinophils

82
Q

What type of leukocyte s are formed in the lymphatic system as well as in red bone marrow

A

Lymphocytes

83
Q

If the number if leukocytes exceeds 10,000 a person is said to have

A

Leukocytosis

84
Q

What is diapedesis

A

Movement of leukocytes thru walls of blood vessels

85
Q

What type of WBCs are weakly phagocytic & are attracted to various parasites of the body

A

Eosinophils

86
Q

Thrombocytes are also known as

A

Platelets

87
Q

Which plasma protein accounts for approximately 60% of the total plasma proteins & what is its primary function

A

Albumins

Helps maintain the “osmotic pressure” of the blood

88
Q

Amino acids & simple sugars are examples of plasma

A

Nutrients

89
Q

Name1 of the non proteins nitrogenous substance found in plasma

A 
Amino acids
Urea
Uris acid
Creatine
Creatinine
90
Q

What is hemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding

91
Q

What substances released by thrombocytes causes the smooth muscles contractions of vessel walls

A

Serotonin

92
Q

Threads of the protein ______ are necessary for the formation of blood clots

A

Fibrin

93
Q

What is an “embolus”

A

Moving blood clot

94
Q

A child has Type A blood. His mother’s genotype is BO. What are the possible “genotype” the father could have

A

AA/AO/AB

95
Q

The perforation of the thoracic wall and subsequent collapses Of the lung is known as a

A

Pneumothorax

96
Q

In order to exhale, the pressure in the thoracic cavity must

A

Increase

97
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The anaerobic portion of the cellular respiration. The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

98
Q

What is the final & most effective stage of hemostasis

A

Blood coagulation

99
Q

Which globulin or globulins are synthesized in the liver & function to transport lipids & fat-soluble vitamins

A

Alpha & beta

100
Q

What are the 2 sites of erythrocyte formation in the human. Embryo

A

Yolk sac, spleen, liver

101
Q

Carbon dioxide is primarily found in the blood in the form of

A

Carbonic acid & bicarbonate ions

102
Q

What is the “partial pressure” of oxygen at sea level (760mmHg)

A

159.6 mmHg

103
Q

What is the purpose of the Herring-Breuer Reflex

A

Prevents the over-inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

104
Q

What is the average # of leukocytes

A

5000-10,000 mm3 blood

105
Q

Less than 5,000 WBCs

A

Leukopenia

106
Q

More than 10,000 WBCs

A

Leukocytosis

107
Q

Acute bacterial infection, stress, dehydration & vigorous exercise causes

A

Leukocytosis

108
Q

Viral infection, heavy metal, mercury & lead causes

A

Leukopenia

109
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Uncontrol cell production

110
Q

What is anaplasia

A

Abnormal cell production

111
Q

What is leukemia

A

Cancer; increase WBC

112
Q

Non functional alveoli & lost alveoli so it’s not useable

A

Alveolar dead space

113
Q

What is physiological dead space

A

Combination of both anatomic & alveolar

114
Q

The amount of new air that enters the respiratory passageway per minute

A

Minute respiratory volume

115
Q

TV - PDS (BR) =

A

Alveolar Ventilation Rate

116
Q

Primary center of respiration

A

Medulla Oblangata

117
Q

Secondary center of respiration

A

Pons

118
Q

Monitors carbon dioxide

A

Chemosentive Area

119
Q

What part of the medullary rhythmicity area handles normal breathing

A

Ventral respiratory group

120
Q

What part of the medullary rhythmicity area handles forceful breathing: exercise

A

Dorsal respiratory group

121
Q

PCV (packed cell volume) = hematocrit

A

Test that separates cells from plasma

122
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Vessel spasm
  2. Platelets, plug formation
  3. Blood coagulation
123
Q

99%
Carries oxygen to all parts of body on hemoglobin; stay inside blood vessels; 120 day lifespan; mature RBCs no nucleus; 1/3 hemoglobin; RBM (birth)

A

Erythrocytes

124
Q

What shape are the RBCs

A

Biconcave discs

125
Q

What are the 2 types of clotting mechanisms

A

Intrinsic & extrinsic

126
Q

Blood contact with foreign surface

A

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

127
Q

Chemical released by damaged tissue

A

Extrinsic clotting mechanisms

128
Q

What are the nutritional requirements

A

Complex vitamin B

Iron

129
Q

What are the 2 types of anemias

A

Iron deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

130
Q

Decrease in hemoglobin is what type of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

131
Q

Decrease in RBCs ; Deficient amount of B12 is what type of anemia

A

Pernicious anemia

132
Q

Erythropoietin is what

A

Production of RBCs

133
Q

How long can thrombocytes live up to

A

10 days

134
Q

Thrombocytes produces what that causes smooth muscle contractions

A

Serotonin

135
Q

What is the storage form of iron in the liver

A

Ferritin

136
Q

What do the spleen & liver both do?

A

Filter blood (save hemoglobins & splits it into iron proteins

137
Q

What transfer iron to red bone marrow

A

Transfferin

138
Q

A precursor (cant function on its own); Large plasma protein is known as

A

Fribrinogen

139
Q

What does coagulation mean

A

Clot

140
Q

Appearance; blue eyes is an example of what

A

Phenotype

141
Q

Genes from the parents Bb/bb

A

Genotype

142
Q

What does codominance mean

A

Equal dominance

143
Q

What does leukocytes control

A

Disease companies

144
Q

Chemical attraction of WBCs to the site of injury

A

Positive chemotaxis

145
Q

Cytoplasmic granules visible; color of granules; size (compared to RBC) & nucleus

A

Granulocytes

146
Q

No visible/present cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocytes

147
Q

Light pink granules (neutral stain)
3-5 lobes
55-60%

A

Neutrophils

148
Q

Alkaline/basic stain
Non phagocytic
Less than 1%

A

Basophils

149
Q

Basophils secrete what 2 substances

A

Histamines & heparin

150
Q

Neutrophils & monocytes are both what

A

Phagocytic

151
Q

What is the smallest agranulocyte that is similar to a RBC

25-33%

A

Lymphocyte

152
Q

What is the lifespan for a lymphocyte

A

Years

153
Q

What WBCs are for long term immunity

A

Lymphocytes

154
Q

T cells produce

A

Lymphokin

155
Q

B cells produce

A

Antibodies

156
Q

What agranulocyte is 3x the size of a RBC
3-9%
Phagocytic
Lifespan weeks-months

A

Monocytes

157
Q

What does polymorphonucleated cell

A

Many various cell shapes

158
Q

What are the 5 functions of plasma

A
  1. Plasma nutrients
  2. Plasm proteins
  3. Plasma. Electrolytes
  4. Plasma gases
  5. Non-protein nitrogenous substances
159
Q

What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

160
Q

60% smallest in size
Liver
Help regulate osmotic pressure

A

Albumins

161
Q

35% separate in 3 categories alpha, beta & gamma

A

Globulins

162
Q

Which globulins produce antibodies for immunity by the lymphatic tissue

A

Gamma

163
Q

5% largest compared to albumins & globulins

A

Fibrinogen

164
Q

What are the plasma gases

A

Oxygen & carbon dioxide

165
Q

What are the plasma electrolytes

A

Calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate

166
Q

What are the 4 plasma nutrients

A

Simple sugars (glucose)
Lipids (triglycerides)
Amino acids
Vitamins

167
Q

Which area of the medulla Oblangata: depth of breathing and how long it lasts

A

Pneumotaxic area

168
Q

What productuces erythropoietin

A

Kidneys

169
Q

What breaks down themselves to become platelets

A

Megakaryocytes

170
Q

Blood thinner

A

Heparin

171
Q

Allergic reaction Rx

A

Histamine

172
Q

What has a fluid matrix
Carries hormones
Help regulate body temperature
Slightly saline solution

A

Plasma

173
Q

The ultilization of O2 and the production of CO2 by the body cells is known as

A

Internal respiration

174
Q

What are the 2 major tracts

A

Upper resp. & lower resp.

175
Q

Obstruction in nasal cavity

A

Deviated septum

176
Q

Breathing difficulty in premature newborns

A

Hyaline membrane disease

177
Q

Force that causes air to move into the lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure

178
Q

Nasal infection or allergic reactions

A

Sinusitis

179
Q

The portion that each gas contributes to the mixture is called

A

Partial pressure

180
Q

Mrv= TV x BR

A

Minute resp.volume

181
Q

What are the 2 major areas in resp. Sys

A

Medullary rhythmicity & pneumotaxic area

182
Q

What is the percentage in the atmosphere at 50,000 feet

A

21

183
Q

Changes in the concentration of CO2 in the blood causes the _____ of the blood to change

A

PH

184
Q

What is the primary role in blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

185
Q

A blood clot is a

A

Thrombus

186
Q

What is the hereditary disease that results in a lack of blood clotting

A

Hemphilia

187
Q

An individual with the genotype AO would have what blood type

A

A

188
Q

An individual with type B could have what possible genotypes

A

BB BO

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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