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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 1 L 4 > Flashcards

A&P 1 L 4 Flashcards

0
Q

________ a part is above another part or closer to the head is what relative position

A

Superior

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1
Q

What position is the body in when the person is standing straight up, face forward, upper limbs by the side, & palms forward?

A

Anatomical position

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2
Q

_________ a part is below another part or towards the feet is what relative position term?

A

Inferior

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3
Q

______ (ventral) toward the front

A

Anterior

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4
Q

_______ (dorsal) is the opposite of anterior, meaning toward the back

A

Posterior

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5
Q

Imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right & left halves

A

Medial

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6
Q

Name the 2 types of ossification.

A

Intramembranous bones & endochondral bones

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7
Q

What is the order of intramembranous ossification?

A

Spongy bone, periosteum, & compact bone

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8
Q

What tissue does intramembranous ossification start out with?

A

Primitive C.T

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9
Q

In endochondral ossification what forms first?

A

Periosteum

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10
Q

What is the order of endochondral ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage C.T, periosteum, spongy then compact

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11
Q

What type of bone ossification forms the periosteum 2nd?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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12
Q

The ends of the long bones are called what

A

Epiphysis

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13
Q

The long part of the bone is called the what; known as what

A

Shaft of the bone; diaphysis

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14
Q

Blood cells forming tissue is known as

A

Hematopoietic tissue

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15
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

Epiphysis

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16
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

A

Diaphysis

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17
Q

What forms the outside of the epiphysis part of the bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage C.T

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18
Q

Name some types of hematopoietic tissue

A

Red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, & spleen

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19
Q

Where is the medullary canal is located where in the long bone?

A

Diaphysis

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20
Q

What all is located in the epiphysis?

A

Spongy bone, red bone marrow, epiphyseal disc

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21
Q

What type of bone marrow fills in the medullary canal in the diaphysis?

A

Yellow B.M

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22
Q

Where is the primary ossification center located?

A

In the middle of the diaphysis

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23
Q

Where is the secondary ossification center located?

A

Epiphysis

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24
Q

Secondary ossification consists of how many layers & of what?

A

4 layers of hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

The primary ossification center grows in what dirrections?

A

Center to the ends of epiphysis

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26
Q

Growth hormone that is produce in the pituitary gland is?

A

Somatotropin

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27
Q

What disorder produces an excessive amount of somatotropin

A

Acromegaly

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28
Q

A decrease in somatotropin results in a disorder called

A

A pituitary dwarf

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29
Q

An increase in somatotropin results in a disorder called

A

Pituitary giant

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30
Q

Where primary blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves run thru bone

A

Medullary canal

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31
Q

Units of spongy bone

A

Trabeculate

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32
Q

Functions of bones

A

Support, movement, storage, protection

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33
Q

What vitamins are required for proper development

A

A & C

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34
Q

What vitamin is responsible for collagen synthesis

A

C

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35
Q

What vitamin absorbs bone into blood (occurs during hypocalcemia)

A

A

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36
Q

What vitamin aids in proper absorption of calcium in small intestines

A

D

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37
Q

“Hormone of metabolism” produced by thyroid; allows cartilagenous cells in epiphyseal discs to ossify

A

Thyroxine

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38
Q

Not producing enough thyroxine; correlated with pollution in cities

A

Hypothyroidism

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39
Q

Skeletal muscles pills on bones, causing stress and making them stronger

A

Physical stress

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40
Q

Thickening & strengthening of bone

A

Hypertrophy

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41
Q

Thinning & weakening of bones from lack of physical activity

A

Atrophy

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42
Q

Any breaks in the bone

A

Fractures

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43
Q

2 types of fracture causes

A

Traumatic & pathological

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44
Q

Pathological fractures are also known as

A

Spontaneous fractures

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45
Q

Types of fracture nature:

A

Complete/incomplete (does/n’t go thru bone)

Simple/compound (out of skin vs in skin)

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46
Q

Blood clot forms between broken ends of bones

A

Hematoma

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47
Q

Former knits ends of broken ends with fibrocartilage

A

Cartilagenous callus

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48
Q

Produce bony callus

A

Ossification

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49
Q

Osteoclasts & osteoblasts reshape and remodel bone

A

Reshape/remodel bone

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50
Q

Spinal cord passes

A

Vertebral foremen

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51
Q

For blood vessels & nerves to pass they (means hole)

A

Transverse foremen

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52
Q

Only flat vertebrae (C1)

A

Atlas

53
Q

Has thumb-like projection that articulates with atlas that gives “no” motion

A

Axis (C2)

54
Q

How many total vertebrae in cervical?

A

7

55
Q

How many vertebrae in the thoracic?

A

12

56
Q

How many vertebrae in the lumbar?

A

5

57
Q

Differences in males and females when identifying the skeleton

A

Pelvic girdle wider; more flare (sacrum wider); slightly bigger forehead; skull & jaw slightly smaller(female)
Skull slightly in proportion with body; larger jaw; shorter forehead(male)

58
Q

Body cavities/sections: head, neck, & trunk (dorsal & ventral cavity)

A

Axial portion

59
Q

Body cavities/sections: arms & legs

A

Appendicular portion

60
Q

Body cavities/sections: cranial cavity & vertebrae cavity

A

Dorsal cavity

61
Q

Body cavities/sections: thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

A

Ventral cavity

62
Q

Body cavities/sections: covers organs in thoracic cavity (ex. Lungs)

A

Visceral pleurals

63
Q

Body cavities/sections: line walls of thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleurals

64
Q

What type of organs are found within a body cavity

A

Visceral organs

65
Q

In the abdominopelvic cavity,what lines the walls of the said cavity

A

Parietal peritoneum

66
Q

What peritoneum covers the organs

A

Visceral

67
Q

What separates thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

A

Diaphragm

68
Q

What is an inward extension of cartilage & in it basically separates the thoracic cavities into left & right sides

A

Mediastinum

69
Q

Types of Bones: longer, than wide; bones of than appendages (arms & legs) ex. Humerus, femur, fibula, tibia

A

Long bones

70
Q

Types of Bones: same width & length (cube-shaped) ex. Tarsals & carpals

A

Short bones

71
Q

Types of Bones: bones that have a flat surface ( parietal bone, sternum, scapula, ribs)

A

Flat bones

72
Q

Types of Bones: look differently (ex. Vertebrae & facial bones)

A

Irregular bones

73
Q

Types of Bones: bones that don’t articulate with any other bones ( come together/ joint function) ex. Patella

A

Sesamoid bones

74
Q

Channels that run between Haversian canals, interconnecting them; they contain bigger vessels & nerves

A

Volksmann’s canal

75
Q

At bone site what holds bone together

A

Ligaments

76
Q

What are the 3 types of joints

A

Freely moveable
Immovable
Slightly moveable

77
Q

Type of Joint: can’t move; located in the skull (sutures)

A

Immoveable

78
Q

Type of joint: slight bit of moveable; sacroiliac joint/intervertebral discs

A

Slightly moveable

79
Q

Body Positions/Sections: towards the side with respect to imaginary midline (ears are ______ to the eyes)

A

Lateral

80
Q

Body Positions/Sections: used to describe a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point (elbow is _______ to the wrist

A

Proximal

81
Q

Body Positions/Sections: farther from the trunk or farther from a specified point (fingers are ________ to wrist)

A

Distal

82
Q

Body Positions/Sections: near the surface or outward

A

Superficial/peripheral

83
Q

Body Positions/Sections: used to describe parts that are more internal

A

Deep

84
Q

Body Positions/Sections: divides the body into left & right portions

A

Sagittal

85
Q

Body Positions/Sections: divides into inferior & superior

A

Transverse

86
Q

Body Positions/Sections: divides body into anterior & posterior

A

Coronal

87
Q

The thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity are subcavities of what axial portion cavity?

A

Ventral

88
Q

Cartilage under the sternum that divides into left & right

A

Mediastinum

89
Q

What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity

90
Q

Visceral organs; mediastinum; parietal & visceral pleuras; pericardium are located in what cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

91
Q

Diaphragm; peritoneal membranes; parietal & visceral are located in what cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

92
Q

Name 3 tissues that are found in the body

A

Bone, cartilage, fibrous C.T, blood C.T, Nervous t

93
Q

Ribs & scapula are known as what types of bones?

A

Flat bones

94
Q

What is primarily responsible for the hardness &resistance to crushing of bones?

A

Inorganic salts

95
Q

Haversian canal are interconnected by structures known as

A

Volksmann canal

96
Q

What type of bone is composed of many osteons cemented together

A

Compact bone

97
Q

Bone forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

98
Q

Bone breaking cells

A

Osteoclasts

99
Q

The replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone is

A

Endochondral ossification

100
Q

What type of bone is formed first in the process of bone development

A

Spongy bone

101
Q

In an embryo, blood cells are produced in

A

Yolk sac, fetal liver , spleen

102
Q

Cartilagenous cells of the epiphyseal disc are arranged into how many layers? What layer undergoes mitosis?

A

4 layers of hyaline cartilage; 2 layer

103
Q

Why is vitamin C important for bone growth & repair?

A

Collagen synthesis

104
Q

Types of Fractures: break a bone at a right angle to the axis of the bone

A

Transverse

105
Q

What is hematoma

A

Blood clot

106
Q

A cartilagenous callus is composed of what specific type of tissue

A

Fibrocartilage C.T

107
Q

The first cervical vertebrae

A

Atlas

108
Q

The human body is divided into what 2 main portions

A

Axial (head, neck, trunk)

Appendicular (arms & legs)

109
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

Pain in joint

110
Q

Type of freely movement joints: The elbows & knees are examples of what specific type of freely moveable joint

A

Hinge

111
Q

Type of fracture: breaks in several places through the bone caused by a twist

A

Spiral fracture

112
Q

Type of fracture: tiny fragments at bone site

A

Comminuted

113
Q

Type of fracture: splits in multiple positions (diagonals)

A

Oblique

114
Q

What r the 2 important factors when identifying fractures?

A

Proximately of ends together & Age

115
Q

Order of healing of a fracture

A

Hematoma
Cartilagenous callus (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus
Shaping (reshaped of bone)

116
Q

What are the 2 types of fractures

A

Incomplete & complete

117
Q

When bones are broken what must be done

A

Immobilize the joints

118
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Non cancerous bone (benign) bone tumor

A

Osteoma

119
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Strengthening of ligaments (dense C.T)

A

Sprains

120
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Joints goes out of position “unseated”

A

Dislocation

121
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Problem with Uric acid at the joint site

A

Gout

122
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Inflammation of joint (over used)

A

Bursitis

123
Q

What does “itis” mean?

A

Inflammation

124
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Severe form of arthrisitis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

125
Q

Bones come together to form a joint

A

Articulation

126
Q

Type of freely movement: only rotation (radius-ulna) “NO” Motion in the head

A

Pivot

127
Q

Type of freely movement: (no rotation) “YES” Motion; ex. Occipital condyles

A

Condyloid

128
Q

Type of freely movement: (metacarpals sits on carpals)

A

Saddle

129
Q

Type of freely movement: (carpals) slide back & forth

A

Gliding

130
Q

Type of freely movement: (hips & shoulder) full range motion

A

Ball & socket

131
Q

Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Loosing too much calcium

A

Brittle bone

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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