A&P 1 L 4 Flashcards
________ a part is above another part or closer to the head is what relative position
Superior
What position is the body in when the person is standing straight up, face forward, upper limbs by the side, & palms forward?
Anatomical position
_________ a part is below another part or towards the feet is what relative position term?
Inferior
______ (ventral) toward the front
Anterior
_______ (dorsal) is the opposite of anterior, meaning toward the back
Posterior
Imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right & left halves
Medial
Name the 2 types of ossification.
Intramembranous bones & endochondral bones
What is the order of intramembranous ossification?
Spongy bone, periosteum, & compact bone
What tissue does intramembranous ossification start out with?
Primitive C.T
In endochondral ossification what forms first?
Periosteum
What is the order of endochondral ossification?
Hyaline cartilage C.T, periosteum, spongy then compact
What type of bone ossification forms the periosteum 2nd?
Intramembranous ossification
The ends of the long bones are called what
Epiphysis
The long part of the bone is called the what; known as what
Shaft of the bone; diaphysis
Blood cells forming tissue is known as
Hematopoietic tissue
Where is red bone marrow located?
Epiphysis
Where is yellow bone marrow located?
Diaphysis
What forms the outside of the epiphysis part of the bone?
Hyaline cartilage C.T
Name some types of hematopoietic tissue
Red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, & spleen
Where is the medullary canal is located where in the long bone?
Diaphysis
What all is located in the epiphysis?
Spongy bone, red bone marrow, epiphyseal disc
What type of bone marrow fills in the medullary canal in the diaphysis?
Yellow B.M
Where is the primary ossification center located?
In the middle of the diaphysis
Where is the secondary ossification center located?
Epiphysis
Secondary ossification consists of how many layers & of what?
4 layers of hyaline cartilage
The primary ossification center grows in what dirrections?
Center to the ends of epiphysis
Growth hormone that is produce in the pituitary gland is?
Somatotropin
What disorder produces an excessive amount of somatotropin
Acromegaly
A decrease in somatotropin results in a disorder called
A pituitary dwarf
An increase in somatotropin results in a disorder called
Pituitary giant
Where primary blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves run thru bone
Medullary canal
Units of spongy bone
Trabeculate
Functions of bones
Support, movement, storage, protection
What vitamins are required for proper development
A & C
What vitamin is responsible for collagen synthesis
C
What vitamin absorbs bone into blood (occurs during hypocalcemia)
A
What vitamin aids in proper absorption of calcium in small intestines
D
“Hormone of metabolism” produced by thyroid; allows cartilagenous cells in epiphyseal discs to ossify
Thyroxine
Not producing enough thyroxine; correlated with pollution in cities
Hypothyroidism
Skeletal muscles pills on bones, causing stress and making them stronger
Physical stress
Thickening & strengthening of bone
Hypertrophy
Thinning & weakening of bones from lack of physical activity
Atrophy
Any breaks in the bone
Fractures
2 types of fracture causes
Traumatic & pathological
Pathological fractures are also known as
Spontaneous fractures
Types of fracture nature:
Complete/incomplete (does/n’t go thru bone)
Simple/compound (out of skin vs in skin)
Blood clot forms between broken ends of bones
Hematoma
Former knits ends of broken ends with fibrocartilage
Cartilagenous callus
Produce bony callus
Ossification
Osteoclasts & osteoblasts reshape and remodel bone
Reshape/remodel bone
Spinal cord passes
Vertebral foremen
For blood vessels & nerves to pass they (means hole)
Transverse foremen
Only flat vertebrae (C1)
Atlas
Has thumb-like projection that articulates with atlas that gives “no” motion
Axis (C2)
How many total vertebrae in cervical?
7
How many vertebrae in the thoracic?
12
How many vertebrae in the lumbar?
5
Differences in males and females when identifying the skeleton
Pelvic girdle wider; more flare (sacrum wider); slightly bigger forehead; skull & jaw slightly smaller(female)
Skull slightly in proportion with body; larger jaw; shorter forehead(male)
Body cavities/sections: head, neck, & trunk (dorsal & ventral cavity)
Axial portion
Body cavities/sections: arms & legs
Appendicular portion
Body cavities/sections: cranial cavity & vertebrae cavity
Dorsal cavity
Body cavities/sections: thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral cavity
Body cavities/sections: covers organs in thoracic cavity (ex. Lungs)
Visceral pleurals
Body cavities/sections: line walls of thoracic cavity
Parietal pleurals
What type of organs are found within a body cavity
Visceral organs
In the abdominopelvic cavity,what lines the walls of the said cavity
Parietal peritoneum
What peritoneum covers the organs
Visceral
What separates thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
What is an inward extension of cartilage & in it basically separates the thoracic cavities into left & right sides
Mediastinum
Types of Bones: longer, than wide; bones of than appendages (arms & legs) ex. Humerus, femur, fibula, tibia
Long bones
Types of Bones: same width & length (cube-shaped) ex. Tarsals & carpals
Short bones
Types of Bones: bones that have a flat surface ( parietal bone, sternum, scapula, ribs)
Flat bones
Types of Bones: look differently (ex. Vertebrae & facial bones)
Irregular bones
Types of Bones: bones that don’t articulate with any other bones ( come together/ joint function) ex. Patella
Sesamoid bones
Channels that run between Haversian canals, interconnecting them; they contain bigger vessels & nerves
Volksmann’s canal
At bone site what holds bone together
Ligaments
What are the 3 types of joints
Freely moveable
Immovable
Slightly moveable
Type of Joint: can’t move; located in the skull (sutures)
Immoveable
Type of joint: slight bit of moveable; sacroiliac joint/intervertebral discs
Slightly moveable
Body Positions/Sections: towards the side with respect to imaginary midline (ears are ______ to the eyes)
Lateral
Body Positions/Sections: used to describe a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point (elbow is _______ to the wrist
Proximal
Body Positions/Sections: farther from the trunk or farther from a specified point (fingers are ________ to wrist)
Distal
Body Positions/Sections: near the surface or outward
Superficial/peripheral
Body Positions/Sections: used to describe parts that are more internal
Deep
Body Positions/Sections: divides the body into left & right portions
Sagittal
Body Positions/Sections: divides into inferior & superior
Transverse
Body Positions/Sections: divides body into anterior & posterior
Coronal
The thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity are subcavities of what axial portion cavity?
Ventral
Cartilage under the sternum that divides into left & right
Mediastinum
What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity
Visceral organs; mediastinum; parietal & visceral pleuras; pericardium are located in what cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm; peritoneal membranes; parietal & visceral are located in what cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Name 3 tissues that are found in the body
Bone, cartilage, fibrous C.T, blood C.T, Nervous t
Ribs & scapula are known as what types of bones?
Flat bones
What is primarily responsible for the hardness &resistance to crushing of bones?
Inorganic salts
Haversian canal are interconnected by structures known as
Volksmann canal
What type of bone is composed of many osteons cemented together
Compact bone
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone breaking cells
Osteoclasts
The replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone is
Endochondral ossification
What type of bone is formed first in the process of bone development
Spongy bone
In an embryo, blood cells are produced in
Yolk sac, fetal liver , spleen
Cartilagenous cells of the epiphyseal disc are arranged into how many layers? What layer undergoes mitosis?
4 layers of hyaline cartilage; 2 layer
Why is vitamin C important for bone growth & repair?
Collagen synthesis
Types of Fractures: break a bone at a right angle to the axis of the bone
Transverse
What is hematoma
Blood clot
A cartilagenous callus is composed of what specific type of tissue
Fibrocartilage C.T
The first cervical vertebrae
Atlas
The human body is divided into what 2 main portions
Axial (head, neck, trunk)
Appendicular (arms & legs)
What is arthralgia?
Pain in joint
Type of freely movement joints: The elbows & knees are examples of what specific type of freely moveable joint
Hinge
Type of fracture: breaks in several places through the bone caused by a twist
Spiral fracture
Type of fracture: tiny fragments at bone site
Comminuted
Type of fracture: splits in multiple positions (diagonals)
Oblique
What r the 2 important factors when identifying fractures?
Proximately of ends together & Age
Order of healing of a fracture
Hematoma
Cartilagenous callus (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus
Shaping (reshaped of bone)
What are the 2 types of fractures
Incomplete & complete
When bones are broken what must be done
Immobilize the joints
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Non cancerous bone (benign) bone tumor
Osteoma
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Strengthening of ligaments (dense C.T)
Sprains
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Joints goes out of position “unseated”
Dislocation
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Problem with Uric acid at the joint site
Gout
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Inflammation of joint (over used)
Bursitis
What does “itis” mean?
Inflammation
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Severe form of arthrisitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Bones come together to form a joint
Articulation
Type of freely movement: only rotation (radius-ulna) “NO” Motion in the head
Pivot
Type of freely movement: (no rotation) “YES” Motion; ex. Occipital condyles
Condyloid
Type of freely movement: (metacarpals sits on carpals)
Saddle
Type of freely movement: (carpals) slide back & forth
Gliding
Type of freely movement: (hips & shoulder) full range motion
Ball & socket
Bone & Joint Diseases/Disorders: Loosing too much calcium
Brittle bone
