A&P 1 L 3 Flashcards
Branched duct leads to surface
Compound glands
Unbranched duct leads to surface
Simple glands
Watery secretion with high enzyme concentration
Serous cells
Secrete thick mucous that is rich in glycoproteins “mucin”
Mucous cells
What granular secretion glands stays in tact and release fluid without loss (majority of secretory cells)
Merocrine glands
What type of epithelial gland Secrete products thru ducts?
Exocrine
What type of epithelial gland Secrete products directly into tissue fluid or blood? (Ductless)
Endocrine
Types of multicellular glands
Simple & compound
What are the classification of gland shapes
Tubular & alveolar
Consist of epithelial-lined tubes
Tubular glands
Terminal portions form saclike dilutions
Alveolar/Acrinar glands
Major cell types
Resident & Wandering
Types of resident cells
Fibroblast, macrophages & mast cells
Example of wandering cells
White blood cells
Types of connective tissue fibers
Collagenous, elastic & reticular
Characteristics of connective tissues
- cells are widely scattered
- usually has a good direct blood supply
- matrix
Substance that suspends cells in tissue
Matrix
3 types of matrix
Liquid/fluid
Solid
Gel
Big scavenger cells
Macrophages
Types of mast cells
Heparin
Histamine
Growth Factor
Blood thinner
Heparin
Defense against allergens
Histamines
Produces protein fiber cells
Fibroblast
Found in constant #’s most of the time
Resident cells
Temporary residents
Wandering cells
- made of collagen
- strongest fiber
- “white fibers”
- non elastic
Collagenous
- made of elastin
- yellow fibers
- elastic
Elastic
- made of collagen
- really thin
- web-like
- support/protect organs
Reticular fibers
Types of connective tissue
Loose, adipose, fibrous(dense), elastic, & reticular
Binds muscle to bone
Tendons
Binds bone to bone
Ligaments
Connective tissue that is found in tendons & ligaments
Fibrous(dense) C.T
Reticular Connective Tissue located where
- omentum
- mesentary
Elastic Connective Tissue located where
Framework of the ears & larynx
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, & fibrocartilage are what type of connective tissues & has what type of matrix
Cartilagenous; gel
Shock absorber for structures that are subjected to pressure; protective cushions between joints in knees and between bones in the pelvic
Fibrocartilage
Most common type of cartilagenous connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage C.T
Cartilage cells are called what & found where
Chondrocytes; lacunae
Bone cells called; type of matrix
Osteocytes; solid
Fat cells are called
Adipocytes
Rings of bones are called; spaces on the rings are called
Lamellae; lacunae
Tiny channels are called; coming from the center of of the bone is called
Canaliculi; Haversian canal
Unit of compact bone
Osteon
What is the hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
What are the 2 types of bone?
Spongy & compact
What does the WBCs & macrophages do when there’s an inflammation?
Localize the the injury
Movement of WBCs thru blood vessel walls
Diapedesis
What type of marrow is at the end of the long bones?
Red bone marrow
Blood cell producing tissue
Hematopoietic tissue
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Muscle that’s striated, multi-nucleated, voluntary, & used for movement is?
Skeletal
Muscle that is non striated, mono-nucleated, involuntary & lines the walls or organs & blood vessels
Smooth
2 types of autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic & sympathetic
Somatic nervous system controls what muscle
Skeletal
Flight or fight
Parasympathetic
Restorative or normal
Sympathetic
Nerve cells are called
Neurons
What order does the nerve travel
Dendrites —> cell body—-> axon
Name the membranes of the integumentary system
Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous
What part of the integumentary membrane: Line body cavities that have direct opening to the outside (E.T/C.T)
Mucous membranes
What part of the integumentary membrane: line all body cavities that DO NOT have a direct opening to the outside (Simple squamous E.T/C.T)
Serous membrane
What part of the integumentary membrane: line joint cavities (all C.T that contains loose & adipose)
Synovial membrane
The human skin comprises mainly of what specific membrane?
Cutaneous Membrane
What type of Epithelial Tissue is above the basement membrane?
Stratified Squamous E.T
What is the layer of skin above/below the basement membrane?
Epidermis/Dermis
The cube-like layer that goes thru mitosis and located above the basement membrane is the?
Stratum germinatium
The layer of skin above the stratum germinatium is?
Stratum spinosum
The layer above the stratum spinosum?
Stratum granulosum
Transitional layer above the stratum granulosum and is dying skin cells is?
Stratum lucidem
The very top layer of the skin that is all dead skin cel that has a waterproof barrierl is?
Stratum corneum
What does stratum mean?
Layer
Name the connective tissue in the dermis?
Blood, adipose & mainly loose C.T
Layer under the dermis
Subcutaneous/hypodermis
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
Insulation &holds it in place
Types of tissue in the dermis?
Loose, adipose, & blood C.T; granular E.T; nervous T; Muscle T
The skin that extend into the epidermis is called what
Dermal papillae
Melanocytes are along the basement membrane and produces skin color called what?
Melanin
An accessory organ of the skin that produces melanin?
Melanocytes
An accessory in the skin that is high in the dermis along the basement membrane also known as the “cutaneous receptors”
Corpuscles
Muscle that is base of a hair follicle
Arrector pili muscle
Hair loss technical term is?
Alopecia
Iron containing pigments red pigments
Trichosiderin
What gland secretes sebum and causes acne?
Sebaceous
Sweat glands are called?
Suderiferous glands
What shape does the suderiferous glands have?
Coilled
What type of suderiferous glands responds to emotions during puberty?
Apocrine Sweat Glands
What type of suderiferous gland responds to body temperature?
Eccrine sweat glands
What is the primary way to release body heat?
Radiation
Ex: when your body is hot and you sit down on a cold chair. All your body heat transfers into the chair. What type of body temperature regulation is this?
Conduction
3 ways to get skin color?
Genetic DNA
Environmental (can change by the sun & wind)
Physiological (chemicals/medicine)
Yellow-orange plant pigments
Carotene
Epithelial tissue: what are the 3 cell shapes?
Cuboidal, squamous, & columnar
2 types of epithelial tissue?
Simple & striated
How many layers does simple epithelial have?
1
How many layers does striated E.T have?
2+
What type of the 4 tissue types always have a free surface?
Epithelial tissue
What type of tissue has
- no direct blood supply
- are tightly packed together
Epithelial tissue
What are the 3 primary functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, secretion and absorption (excretion)
What is the lunula?
The most active growing region of the nails
A deep partial thickness burn is known as
2nd degree
Skin transplanted to a burned region from an unburied region of the same body is called
Autograft
Cells are organized into layers or groups called
Tissues
What tissue is the major type of tissue found in glands
Epithelial
What specific type of tissue covers the ovaries, lines many of the kidney tubules and lines the ducts of various glands
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Goblet cells secrete
Mucus
What specific tissue lines the passages of the respiratory system and various tubes of the reproductive system
Pseudostriatified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
What is the most common cell found in C.T
Fibroblast
What are the support cells of the nervous tissue called
Neuroglial
What lies between the epidermis and the dermis
Basement membrane
What system consists of a variety of macrophages produced by several types of connective tissue?
Reticuloendothelial C.T
A mass of merging cells that acts as a unit called the
Functional syncytium
What are the layers of the skin from the basement membrane to the surface of epithelial tissue?
Stratum germinatium, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidem & stratum corneum
What is albinism?
D/O When the body does produce melanocytes
What are the 2 types of corpuscles?
Pacinian & meissener’s
Heavy pressure is what type of corpuscle?
Pacinian
Light touch is what type of corpuscle?
Meissener’s
The bottom of the hair follicle is called the?
Root “base”
The hair part of the hair follicle is called the
Shaft
What tissue/cells makes up the hair and nails?
Epithelial
What type of body regulation has a cooler substance flowing over a warming substance?
Convection
What are the 2 types of skin grafts?
Homograft & autograft
The nail part of the digits that are keratinized is call nail what?
Plate
What type of granular secretion glands release the entire cell fluid?
Holocrine gland
Exocrine are & produce what cells?
Multicellular & unicellular; globet cells
Calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate makes up the what major type of connective tissue
Bone C.T
