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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 2 L5 > Flashcards

A&P 2 L5 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 factors that have the primary effect on the composition of the urine:

A

Diet and Exercise

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1
Q

ADH is produced by what structure in the body

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

things we don’t want in the urine

A

Blood, Glucose, Protein, Bacteria

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3
Q

Sugar in the urine

A

Glucosuria

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4
Q

Hormone released when body is dehydrated

A

ADH- Anti-Diurectic Horomone

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5
Q

Hollow chamber located inside the medial depression of the kidney

A

Renal sinus

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6
Q

The entrance to the renal sinus is called

A

Hilum

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7
Q

Name the expanded superior end of the ureter

A

Renal pelvis

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8
Q

What are the functional units of the kidney

A

Nephrons

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9
Q

The renal ______ lies between adjacent renal pyramids

A

Columns

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10
Q

Where is the hormone erythropoietin produced

A

Kidneys

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11
Q

What is the functions of erythropoietin

A

Helps control the rate of RBC formation

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12
Q

What is renin

A

An enzyme

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13
Q

What is the function of renin

A

Help regulate BP

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14
Q

What are the 2 major region of the kidney

A

Medulla & cortex

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15
Q

Urine is primarily composed of

A

Water

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16
Q

Name substances that are reabsorbed in the nephrons

A

Glucose; a.a; NaCl; Cl; water

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17
Q

ADH is secreted when the body is

A

Dehydrated

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18
Q

The 1st portion of a nephron is called

A

Renal corpuscle; renal capsule; bowmans capsule

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19
Q

The final portion of a nephron is known as

A

Collecting duct

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20
Q

Renal veins join the ______ that carries the blood back to the heart

A

Inferior vena cava

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21
Q

After end arterioles carry blood to the ______ of each nephron

A

Glomerulus

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22
Q

What is urea

A

By-product of an animo acid catabolism

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23
Q

Movement of materials from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule occurs in the ______ phase of urine formation

A

Secretion

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24
Q

Tubular organs that run from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are

A

Ureters

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25
Q

What is the triangular area that form the 3 openings in the urinary bladder

A

Trigone

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26
Q

What are the 3 openings in the urinary bladder

A

2 ureter; 1 urethra

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27
Q

What is another word for urination

A

Micturition

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28
Q

Which of the sphincters located in the urinary bladder is composed of voluntary muscle

A

External sphincter

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29
Q

The tubular organ running from the urinary bladder to the outside is called

A

Urethra

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30
Q

What are the major arteries that deliver blood to the kidneys

A

Renal arteries

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31
Q

3 phases of urine production

A

Filtration; reabsorption; secretion

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32
Q

Where does the process of filtration occur in the kidneys

A

Renal capsule

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33
Q

The ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow when the arterial blood pressure changes is called

A

Autoregulation

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34
Q

What is autoregulation

A

The ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow when the arterial blood pressure changes

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35
Q

Glucose in the urine is called

A

Glucosuria

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36
Q

What are some methods of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; osmosis; filtration

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37
Q

ADH is produced in the

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

How many layers does the urinary bladder have

A

4

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39
Q

What are the layers of the urinary bladder

A

E.T; 2smooth muscles; C.T

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40
Q

What are the 2 smooth muscles in the urinary bladder called

A

Detrusor muscle

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41
Q

What kind of reflex is micturition reflex

A

Simple reflex

42
Q

What are the baroreceptors located in the urinary bladder

A

Lines the walls

43
Q

What system/s/ is the urethra in male & female

A

Male: reproductive & urinary
Female: urinary only

44
Q

What causes the sense of urgency

A

Micturition reflex

45
Q

What type of E.T is in the urinary bladder

A

Transitional

46
Q

How many layers does the ureter consist of

A

3

47
Q

What are the 2 sphincters in the urinary system and where are the located

A

Internal urethra sphincter- top of urethra; between bladder & urethra
External urethra sphincter- below the internal urethra sphincter

48
Q

How many mL could the urinary bladder hold

A

600

49
Q

What is normal amount of urine in the bladder

A

150-250 mL

50
Q

What goes under pressure changes

A

Urinary bladder

51
Q

What is a urethra orrfice

A

Opening to the outside

52
Q

What is incontinental

A

Can’t control sphincter

53
Q

What is limited transport capacity

A

Amount of a material that can be transported is limited by the numbers of protein carriers available

54
Q

What stores and releases ADH

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

55
Q

Name the parts of the nephrons in order closest to the glomerulus

A

Proximal convoluted tubule; loop of henle; distal convoluted tubule; collecting duct

56
Q

What moves the urine thru the kidneys

A

Renal pyramids

57
Q

What is normally found in urine

A

Creatine, creatinine, urea, Uric acid, water, mucus, traces of amino acids, traces of electrolytes

58
Q

Compare passive & active transport

A

Active: require energy; against the concentration gradient; require protein carriers; endocytosis/exocytosis
Passive: no energy require; with the concentration gradient; no protein carriers required EXCEPT for facilitated diffusion; osmosis/hydrostatic pressure/osmosis/facilitated diffusion

59
Q

What filters blood in the kidneys

A

Nephrons

60
Q

4 distinct structures in the urinary system

A

Kidneys; ureters; urinary bladder; urethra

61
Q

What are calyces

A

Branches

62
Q

Kidney stones form in the

A

Renal pelvis

63
Q

Characteristics of kidney stones

A

Jagged and calcium based stones

64
Q

The 3rd layer of CT for protection &

A

Attaching to tissues to hold it in place

65
Q

Bladder most sensitive to pressure changes

A

Pregnant woman

66
Q

Finger like projections; empties urine into renal pelvis

A

Renal papillae

67
Q

All blood that leaves the kidney does so through the renal vein then to the inferior vena cava

A

Renal vein

68
Q

Supplies blood to the the kidneys; comes off the abdominal aorta

A

Renal artery

69
Q

Made cortex material that extends down into the medulla

A

Renal columns

70
Q

Middle section of the kidneys

A

Renal medulla

71
Q

Groups of tubes that carries urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis

A

Renal pyramids

72
Q

Superior ends of ureters; it enters the kidney it branches; branches referred to as the renal pelvis

A

Renal pelvis

73
Q

What percentage of our blood if filtered per day by the kidneys

A

10-20%

74
Q

When your body doesn’t produce enough insulin it result in

A

Glucosuria

75
Q

The amount of material our body can move in an _______ is limited by the number of carriers

A

Active transport

76
Q

reabsorption stage takes place in the

A

Renal tubule

77
Q

The reabsorption stage saves ______ material from the renal tubule & sends it where

A

Peritubular capillary

78
Q

Where is the glomerulus located

A

Renal capsule

79
Q

Secretion stage takes place in the

A

Renal tubule

80
Q

Secretion stage gets rid of

A

Materials we don’t want from the blood into the filtrate

81
Q

Peritubular capillary to the renal tube

A

Secretion stage

82
Q

Filtration occurs in the

A

Renal capsule

83
Q

The substance is filtered from capillary bed into the renal tubule

A

Filtrate

84
Q

What percentage is considered dehydrated

A

1-2%

85
Q

What is the minimum of mL of urine that should be produced by the kidneys per hour

A

30

86
Q

What sits on top the kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

87
Q

The adrenal glands are part of what system

A

Endocrine

88
Q

Carries blood toward the renal capsule

A

Afferent arterial

89
Q

Ball of capillaries is called

A

Glomerulus

90
Q

Function of glomerulus

A

Filter & exchange material

91
Q

What carries blood away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arterial

92
Q

The efferent arterial gets out the capsule and turns into what

A

Peritubular capillary

93
Q

The peritubular capsule runs around the entire what

A

Renal tubule

94
Q

After the peritubular capillary it turns into a

A

Venule

95
Q

Extends into the renal medulla; cortex material; filler substance/protect pyramids

A

Renal column

96
Q

Carries urine from the nephrons to renal pelvis

A

Renal pyramids

97
Q

Supplies the kidneys with used blood that is not filtered yet

A

Suprarenal artery

98
Q

Every bit of blood enters where

A

Renal artery

99
Q

What is the structure that is before the renal artery where blood passes thru

A

Abdominal aorta

100
Q

Once the blood leaves the renal artery it enters the kidneys then leaves thru the______ then ________

A

Renal vein; inferior vena cava

101
Q

Removes certain things out of the blood

A

Filtration

102
Q

Kidney stones found in

A

Renal pelvis

103
Q

Functions of kidneys

A

Removal of metabolic waste from blood (filter blood)
Excretion of waste as urine
Helps control RBCs with erythropoietin hormone
Helps regulate BP by secreting renin (vasoconstriction/ vasodilation)
Helps absorption of calcium ions by activating Vitamin D
Helps regulate Volume, Composition, & pH

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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