A&P 1 L 2 Flashcards
Joining many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen is an example of
Anabolic Metabolism
Production of enzymes is controlled by genetic information held within molecules of
DNA
The splitting of a molecule into smaller portions by the addition of a water molecule is called
Hydrolysis
All metabolic reactions are controlled by mechanisms involving the presence of
Enzymes
Each enzyme sets only on a particular kind of substance. This substance is known as a
Substrate
What is the “active site” of an enzyme?
The particular region of the enzyme that temporarily combines with portions of the substrate
Enzymes promote specific chemical reactions within cells by lowering the __________ ___________ needed to start these reactions
Activation energy
An amylase breaks down
Carbohydrates
What is a coenzyme?
A small organic molecule that is needed to complete the proper shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
B’s & C’s
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A,E, D & K
Nearly all enzymes are denatured at what temperature?
55 degrees Celsius
The process of burning glucose molecules in body cells is called
Oxidation
What type or types of phosphate bonds (and #s of these bonds) are found in ADP?
1-low energy phosphate & 1-high energy phosphate bond
What is the primary energy-carrying molecule within a cell
ATP
Excess glucose is stored as what in the liver and skeletal muscles
Glycogen
In the ATP Cycle, ATP is converted into ______ to release useable energy for cell metabolic processes
ADP
How many essential amino acids are there
8
The rates of metabolic pathways are determined/controlled by __________ enzymes
Regulatory
The anaerobic portion of cellular respiration is called
Glycolysis
Hydrogen atoms are released during what phase or phases of cellular respiration
Glycolysis & Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
How many molecules of ATP are produced during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration
36
The Kreb’s Cycle begins when ________ is converted to citric acid
Acetyl coA
_______ is the final hydrogen electron carrier in the ETC
Oxygen
What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Cristae
_________ are the sub-units of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
In nucleic acid, complementary base pairs a held together by _______ bonds
Hydrogen
In a nucleotide, the organic base is always joined to the _______ by a _______ bond
5-carbon sugar; covalent
DNA contains what 4 organic bases
A, T, C & G
What is complementary base of uracil in RNA?
Adenine
During what phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur
Interphase
The process by which mRNA is formed from a DNA strand is called
Transcription
A set of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule is called a/an
Anticodon
A set of 3 nucleotide in a mRNA molecule is called
A codon
Amino acids are joined together by ______ bond
Peptide
DNA: GCG CAT AGC
What is the mRNA form from this strand of DNA
mRNA: CGC GUA UCG
mRNA: UUA CGU ACC
Determine the tRNA complimentary anticodons
AAU GCA UGG
Fluids of extra cellular compartments constitute approximately ______% by volume of the total body water
37%
_______ fluids have high concentrations of sodium, chloride & bicarbonate ions
Extracellular
What are the two primary ways that the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated?
Hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure
Where is the thirst center located?
Hypothalamus
Where is the anti diuretic hormone (ADH) produced?
Hypothalamus
When the body’s output of water exceeds the body’s intake of water, a condition of
Dehydration
What results from increased capillary permeability accompanying an inflammation reaction?
Edema
The greatest lost of electrolytes occurs as the result of
Kidney function and urine formation
What hormone causes an increase in sodium ion rebabs option in the kidneys and where is it produced?
Aldosterone; adrenal cortex
Abnormal decreases in blood calcium is called
Hypocalcemia
Renal and respiratory mechanisms are called
Physiological buffers
What are the 2 major types of buffer systems in the human body?
Physiological & chemical
Where is the respiratory center of the brain located?
Medulla oblongata
What is the body’s first line of defense against shifts in pH?
Chemical buffer system
__________ acidosis is caused by factors that produced an increase in CO2, accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carbonic acid
Respiratory
All chemical reactions occurring in cells that results in the use or storage of energy
Metabolism
A loss of H2O molecules
Dehydration synthesis
What are the 2 types of metabolism
Anabolic & Catabolic
Proteins —–> amino acids (larger to smaller)
Catabolic Metabolism
Addition of molecules (adding to create something bigger release energy for cell usage)
Hydrolysis
Lipases digests
Lipids
Proteases digests
Proteins
Enzymes deactivates at what temperature
45 degrees Celsius
What are differences between DNA & RNA?
DNA: contains genetic info
- replicate during interphase
- double helix
- 5-C sugar deoxyribose
- A, T, C, G
RNA: takes info from DNA synthesize proteins
- single stranded
- 5-C sugar ribose
- A, U, C, G
What does semi conservation replication mean?
Conserve what you got & replicate to form more
Mutation causing agents are called
Mutagens
What are the 3 protein synthesis phases?
- Transcription -mRNA copying DNA
- Translation- DNA to protein
- Elongation phase
What are the 2 systems for homeostasis?
Nervous & endocrine
What are the 2 types of electrolytes?
Positive ion & negative ion
What are the 3 major electrolytes in our body?
Na+
K+
Ca+
What is produced by the parathyroid gland; produces Calcium; targets osteoclasts, nephrons & targets cells in the cell walls of small intestines?
Parathormone
What is the 2nd line of defense?
Physiological buffers
pH of the body
7.35-7.45
What is it called when you breathe too much CO2?
Hyperventilation
Water & electrolytes are
Interdependent
Percentages of water weight in the body
63%
Percentage of intracellular compartments
Water inside the cell
~63%
Percentage of extra cellular compartments
Water outside cell
~37%
Percentage of dehydration
1-2%
When we are dehydrated what hormone is release and where does it take out water to reserve?
ADH; urine
What disease can be completely fatal
Insufficient production of aldosterone
Addison’s disease
What are the 3 types of chemical buffers?
Bicarbonate B.S sodium bicarbonate: carbonic acid
(Found intracellular/extracellular fluids) not always tho
Phosphate B.S phosphate compounds
(Base & acids responds)
Protein B.S. large protein molecules
(Grab H+ out of solution….) intracellular only
What is the secondary Respiratoy center?
Pons
Respiratory acidosis (fast breathing) known as:
Hyperventilation
Releases too much OH-
Metabolic alkalosis
Releases too many H+
Metabolic acidosis
When you excrete more H+ ion in the urine it’s known as:
Acidic
When you conserve H+
Basic
