9.5 Measuring and managing biodiversity

Question 1

Types of sampling:

Answer 1

• Random sampling
• Systematic sampling

Question 2

Random sampling

Answer 2

• a sampling method in which the sampling device is placed using random tables or the roll of dice.
• Used when two areas are to be compared e.g. number of insects in wet and dry areas.
• A quadrat frame is most often used
• Reduces human bias

Question 3

Process of random sampling

Answer 3

1. Measure the ares of land
2. Divide the area into grinds
3. Randomally placing the quadrant with the help of randomizer
4. Counting the species within the quadrat placed in 10 locations
5. Recording the observation in the table
6. Calculate the average number multiplied by the area of field will give you the number of population of species in one area

Question 4

Systematic Sampling

Answer 4

• Samples are taken at fixed intervals, usually along a line.
• This normally involves doing transects, where a sampling line is set up across areas where there are clear environmental gradients.
• E.g.- If you want to investigate the effect of a road on vegetation

Question 5

Sampling techniques

Answer 5

1. pitfall traps
2. pooters
3. quadrats
4. transects
5. INTERVIEW
6. QUESTIONNAIRE

Question 6

pitfall traps

Answer 6

• Used to sample non-sedentary organisms (insects).
• Consists of a jar sunk up to its rim in the soil.
• The jar may or may not be covered (depending on the predicted likelihood of rainfall).
• Traps should be inspected and emptied regularly.
• Can be used randomly or systematically.

Question 7

Advantages and Disadvantages of pitfall traps

Answer 7

Advantages: Simple, low-cost method for monitoring species.
Limitations: can only catch small organisms
not repersentative of thw whole population
some might fly away
only catch organisms that dont fly

Question 8

Pooters

Answer 8

• Used to sample non-sedentary organisms e.g. insects.
• Insects in short vegetation or on trees are usually trapped in a net.
• It has two tubes: one goes into your mouth so you can apply suction, and the other goes over the insect so that is sucked into the jar. A fine mesh over the end of the
  first tube stops you swallowing the insect.

Question 9

pooters ad and dis

Answer 9

Advantages: Non-destructive and easy to use.
Limitations: Limited to smaller organisms and relies on user skill.

Question 10

Quadrat

Answer 10

• a square made of wire
• Used to sample sedentary organisms e.g. plants.
• The organisms underneath, usually plants, can be
  identified and counted.

Question 11

Transect

Answer 11

• a sampling method in which sampling devices are laid out along a line already placed across an area.
• Used to sample sedentary organisms.
• An example of systematic sampling

Question 12

How can u make an experiment more accurate?

Answer 12

Take multiple samples to improve reliability and account for variability in the habitat.

Question 13

strategies for conserving the biodiversity and genetic
resources of natural ecosystems

Answer 13

1. • sustainable harvesting of wild plant and animal species
2. • sustainable forestry /agroforestry
3. • national parks, wildlife/ecological reserves and corridors
4. • extractive reserves
5. • world biosphere reserves
6. • seed banks
7. • role of zoos and captive breeding
8. • sustainable tourism and ecotourism

Question 14

sustainable harvesting of wild plant and animal species

Answer 14

• Planting trees/Afforestation/Reforestation.
• Sustainable harvesting of wild plant and animal species; Many plants have medicinal properties in them which need to be conserved.
• Management plan to control harvesting of wild-grown medicinal plants.

Question 15

Sustainable forestry:

Answer 15

• Selective logging: removal of only mature trees of species that are valuable. Other species and immature trees of value species are left, allowing the forest to repair overtime.
• Non-valued trees still provide habitat for many species and immature valued trees can be used years later.

Question 16

agroforestry

Answer 16

• land management system in which crops are grown around trees.
• Trees enrich the soil when the leaves fall and provide food for animals, firewood for people, and sometimes medicine.
• Tree roots bind the soil together and, in some cases, fix nitrogen, further enriching the soil.

Question 17

National Parks, Wildlife/Ecological Reserves, and Corridors

Answer 17

an area of land protected by the government to preserve entire ecosystems e.g. flora,fauna and landscape.

Question 18

ad and dis of National Parks, Wildlife/Ecological Reserves, and Corridors

Answer 18

Advantages: Provides safe havens for species, preserves ecosystems, and protects against habitat destruction.
Laws that ban/limit activities such as hunting, logging and collection of wildflowers are implemented.
Enforcement requires regular inspection and threat of hefty fines or imprisonment for breaking the law.

Limitations: Requires adequate funding, management, and enforcement. Protected areas alone cannot conserve species outside their boundaries.

Question 19

extractive reserves

Answer 19

an area of land, generally state owned where access and use rights, including natural resource extraction, are allocated to local groups or communities.

Question 20

how do extractive reserves benefit local tribes

Answer 20

● given the right to follow traditional practices
○ preserves their culture and way of life
● able to continue fishing, farming, etc
● prevents the destruction of their environment

Question 21

biosphere reserves:

Answer 21

Designated by UNESCO, these are areas that promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development by balancing human activity with conservation goals.

Question 22

core area activity

biosphere

Answer 22

monitoring and research
with aim to protect the ecosystem

Question 23

b

buffer zone activity

biosphere

Answer 23

local tribes and communities
ecotourism
education and training
area has limited access

Question 24

transition area

Answer 24

• tourism
• recreation
• controlled human activities (e.g sustainable farming)

Question 25

seed banks

Answer 25

Seed banks are considered seed libraries, containing valuable information
about evolved strategies to combat plant stress, and can be used to create genetically
modified versions of existing seeds. The work of seed banks spans decades and even
centuries.

Question 26

role of zoos and captive breeding

Answer 26

• captive breeding programs maintains biodiversity and increase species numbers thus reducing risk of extinction
• Aim to release captive breed animals into the wild when habitats have been restored

Question 27

ad and i of captive breeding

Answer 27

ad-
* provide better diet to animal
* provide continous supply of food to animal
* Provide access to medical care
* provide education and awarnessv

dis-
* difficult to breed animals
* Lack of genetic variation
* Ethically wrong
* Cannot always provide natural habitats

Question 28

Ways to reduce inbreeding :

Answer 28

• organisms aren’t allowed to breed repeatedly with the same partner
• A variety of partners for an organism can be achieved through IVF and inter zoo swapping of individuals
• Use a database to record breeding history of individuals in captivity

Question 29

sustainable tourism and ecotourism

Answer 29

• management of tourism in a sustainable way to prevent damage to habitat and provide what people want.
• Measures are taken to safeguard wildlife
• resources are used sustainably.
• provides economic incentives for protecting natural areas.