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111: Anatomy/Phys 2 > 9.0 Male reproductive system > Flashcards

9.0 Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the perineum

A
  • idamond shaped regino btwn pubic arch (anterior), ischial tuberosities and coccyx (posterior)
  • has urogential triangle and anal triangle
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2
Q

what is the pelvic diaphragm composed of

A

levator ani + coccygeus

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3
Q

what is the rectovesical pouch

A
  • pouch between bladder and rectum
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4
Q

what are the accessory organs of the male reproductive system

A
  • ductes deferens (connects epididymis and prostate for sperm)

seminal glands (secrete fluid -> make semen)

prostate gland (secretes fluid and enzymes)

erethra (conducts semen to exterior

epididymis (site of sperm naturation(

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5
Q

what is the scrotum

what are parts of it

A

scrotum = sac of skin & superficial fascia

  • has darots muscle: ontracts skin to change surface area (imp for temp reg)
  • septum of scrotum: divides into left and right
  • cremaster muscle: raises and lowers testicles
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6
Q

what supplies blood to the testes

A

testicular arteries and testicular veins (pampiniform plexus)

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7
Q

what is the spermatic chord

A

encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels and lymphatics that supply the testes

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8
Q

what surrounds the testes

A

2 tunics:

  • > tunica vaginalis: 2 layers from peritoneum (viseral and parietal)
  • > tunica albuginea: interal fibrous capsule
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9
Q

what are the septa in the testes

A

divide tetes into 250-300 lobules, each w/ 1-4 seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)

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10
Q

what are myoid cells

A

testes cells

*surrounds the kiwi

  • surrounding each seminiferous tubule
  • 3-5 layers of smooth muscle like cells
  • do rhythmic contractions to squeeze sperm and testicualr fluids through tubules and out of testes
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11
Q

what are leydig cells

A

aka interstitial cells

  • outside seminiferous tubules

- produces androgens (testosterone)

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12
Q

what is the pathway of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules -> straight tubule -> Rete testis -> efferent Ductules -> Epididymis

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13
Q

what is the the epididymis and its parts

A
  • has a head, body and trail
  • duct of the epididymis has:
  • > non motile microvillli (stereocilia) abs testicular fluid and pass nutrients to sperm
  • > non motile sperm enter, pass slowly trhu and become motile after 20 days
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14
Q

how is sperm expelled durign ejactulation

A
  • epididymis contracts, expells sperm into vas/ductus deferens
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15
Q

pathway od the male duct system

A

seminiferous tubule -> straight tubule -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis -> Ductus/vas deferens -> ejaculatroy duct -> urethra

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16
Q

what are the Ductus (vas) deferens

A

pass through inguinal canal

  • expand to form ampulla at the prostate
  • propels sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
17
Q

where is the ejaculatory duct

A
  • passes through posterior prostate
  • connects ampulla of ductus deferens & seminal vesicles with prostatic urethra
18
Q

what are teh 3 regions of the male urethra

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • penile/spongy urethra
19
Q

3 regions of the penis

A
  • Root
    • bulb surrounded by bulbospongiosus
    • crura surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle (anchors penis to pubic arch)
  • Body (shaft)
  • Glans penis
    • prepuce (foreskin): cuff of loose skin covereing the tip
20
Q

what is the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa

A

Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra & expands to form glans & bulb

Corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies (more lateral)

*spongiosum is the hot dog, cavernosum is the bun

21
Q

what are the seminla vesicles

what do they rpoduce

A

Fibrous capsule encloses a thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

*on posterior bladder, lateral to ductus deferens

produce seminal fluid which is yellowish, viscous, alkaline

seminla fluid contains: fructose, CA, vit X, vesiculase (coagulates), prostaglandins

*accounts for 70% of semen volume

22
Q

what is the role of prostaglandins in seminal fluid

A

dec viscosity of cervical mucus & stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus

*helps sperm get through

23
Q

what is the prostate

what does its fluid contain

A
  • encircles part of urethra inferior to bladder
  • secretes milky slightly acidic fluid (1/3 semen volume) that plays a role in pserm activation
  • citrate acts as nutrient source
  • has proteolytic enzymes to liquify coagulated semen
  • seminal plasmin (antibiotic protein)
  • relaxin to inhance motility

and zinc

24
Q

what are Bulbourethral Glands

A

aka (Cowper’s Glands)

  • Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate that make precum

– Lubricates glans penis

– Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

25
Q

what is semen composed of

A

mix of sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secretions

  • has nutrients for sperm, protects and acivates them and facilitates heir movemnt
  • only 2-5mL of semen ejactulated has 20-150 million spem

*single ejaculation contains 40-750 million sperm

26
Q

how does erection work

A
  • parasympathetic reflex
  • brought on my erotic stimuli 0> descening autonomic pathways stim PSNS -> peile arterioles dilate -> erection
  • expandson of corpora ccavernosa compresses drainage veins and maintains engorgement
  • corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open
27
Q

how does ejactulation work

A
  • SNS spinal reflex causes
  • > bladder sphincer muscle to constrict preventin urine expulsion
  • duct and accessoy glands contract and empty contents
  • bulbospongiosus muscles undergo rapid series of contractions to propel semen
  • SNS constricts penile arterioles to reduce blood flow to penis and activate muscles that squeeze blood from cavernous bodies
28
Q

homologous chromosome

diploid chromosomal number

haploid chromosomal number

A

homologous chromosome: similar chromosomes: 1 materal + one paternal chromosome

diploid chromosomal number (2n): normal chromosome number in most body cells, humans 46 (23 apird)

haploid chromosomal number: normal chromosome number in a gamete, contains only one member of each homologous pair

29
Q

Meiosis I and II

A
  • Prophase I
    • homologous chromosomes come together
    • several crossovers and trade segments at cross over poitns
  • Metaphase I
    • tetrads align randomly on spindle equator
  • Anaphaes I
    • homologous chromosomes separate, move twds opp poles
    • centromeres and sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached during sep
  • Telophase I
    • nuclear membrane re forms around chromosomal masses, spindle breaks down and chromatin reappears
    • 2 haplod daughter cells
  • Meiosis II
    • under go another dividion so product is 4 geneticall different haploid gaughter cells
30
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A
  • events taht produce sperm in seminiferous tubules of tetes
  • begins ~14 years, cont thru life
  • sermatic cells give rise to sperm thru:
    mitosis: spermatogonia -> spermatocytes
    meiosis: spermatocytes -> spermatids
    spermiogenesis: spermatids -> spermatozoa (sperm)
31
Q

what is Spermiogenesis

A

Spermatids to Spermatozoa (Sperm)

  • strips spermatid of excess cytoplasm and forms a tail, sperm gets:
    head: containing DNA & helmet like acrosome (has hydrolytic enzymes to enable sperm to penetrate egg)
  • midpiece: containing mitochondira to provide metabolic energy

Tail: propels sperm cell (flagellum)

32
Q

what are sustenacular cells

A
  • large suporting cells extending thru wall of tubule and surround developing cells
  • provide nutrients & signals to dividing cells
  • move cells along lumen
  • phagocytize faulty germ cells & cytoplasm sloughed off durign spermiogenesis
  • secrete testicular fluid into lumen for sperm transport
  • produce chemical mediators (inhibin & androgen binding protein) to help reglate spermatogenesis
33
Q

what fors the blood testies barrier

A
  • sustenacular cells that devide seminiferous tubules into basal and adluminal compartment
34
Q

how do hormones control spermatogenesis

A
  1. hypothamus release GnRH -> reaches the anterior pituitary via hypophyseal portal veins
  2. GnRH causes anterior pituitary gonadotropic cells to release FSH and LH
  3. FSH indirecly stim spermatogenesis by causing sustenocytes to release ABP -> keeps local conc of testosterone high
  4. LH stim interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone -> essential for spermatogeneses
  5. testosterone acts to promote secondary sex characteristics
  6. negative feedback by test inhibits FSH and LH release from ant pit and GnRH release from hypo
  7. inhibin rleased by sustenocytes feeds back on ant pit to dec FSH
35
Q

describe the effects of testostine

A

* syn from cholesterol

  • spromts spermatogenesis
  • targets all accessory organs (deficiency → atrophy)

Has multiple anabolic effects throughout body

Is basis of sex drive (libido) in males

Note: adrenal glands also release small amounts of androgens

36
Q

testosterone levels through male life span

A
  • spike during development of male genetalia
  • smll spike after birth whne removed from mothers circulation
  • thennothing, then rises during puberty
37
Q

GO THRU THIS PIC ON PAPER AND TRY TO WALK SELF THRU IT

A

111: Anatomy/Phys 2 (31 decks)

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