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111: Anatomy/Phys 2 > 7.1 Urinary > Flashcards

7.1 Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

what is the funtion of the kidneys

A
  • keys functoin is to maintain bodys internal environment
  • > filters 200L plasma/day, allowing toxins, metabolic wastes and excess ions leave body in urine
  • regulates total water volume and total solute concentration
  • ensures long term acid-base balance
  • produces erythropoietin (reg RBC production) and renin (reg blood pressure)
  • activates vitamin D
  • carries out gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

what are the main structures of the urinary system

A
  • renal artery
  • renal hilum
  • renal vein
  • kidney
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

where are kidneys located?

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • in superior lumbar region (btwn T12-L3)
  • concave medial surface with renal hilum leading to internal kidney space (renal sinus)
  • convex lateral surface
  • ureters, renal BV, lymphatics and nerves enter and exit at the hilum
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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of tissue surrounding the kidney

A

renal fasia

perirenal fat capusle (fatty cushion)

fibrous capsule

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5
Q

describe the renal fasia

A

most external of 3 tissue layers supporting kidney

  • anchors outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
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6
Q

describe the perirenal fat capsule

what is a potential complicaiton of it

A

aka fatty cushion

middle of 3 layers

  • protects kidneys from moving in retroperitoneal cavity
  • rapid weight loss can decrease the capsule causing renal ptosis -> kinking of ureters causing back up of urine called hydronephrosis -> can cause necrosis and renal failure
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7
Q

describe the fibrous capsule

A

most visceral layer of the 3 layers of supportive tissue surrounging kidney

  • transparent capsule that prevents spead of infection to the kideny
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8
Q

what are the 3 internal regions of the kidney

A

renal cortex

renal medulla

renal pelvis

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9
Q

describe the renal cortex

A

outermost layer of internal kideny

  • granular-appearing superficial region
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10
Q

describe the renal medulla

A
  • deep to cortex, composed of cone-shaped medullary renal pyramids
  • broad base of pyramid faces the cortex, filters down to apex (papilla) which points internally

-

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11
Q

what separates renal pyramids

A

renal columns -> inward extensions of cortical tissue

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12
Q

describe the renal pelvis

A
  • inside ther is a funnel shaped tube that is continuous with ureter
  • has minor and major calyces
  • minor: cup shaped areas that colelct urine draining from pyramidal papillae
  • major: areas that collect urine from minor calyces -> empty urine into renal pelvis
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13
Q

how does urine flow

A

Renal pyramid -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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14
Q

what is Pyelitis

A

Infection of renal pelvis and calyces

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15
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A
  • infection or inflammation of entire kidney
  • > infection in feales caused by fecal bacteria entering urinary tract
  • severe cases can cause swelling of kidney and abscess formation, pus may fill renal pelvis
  • if left untreated, kidney damage may result
  • noramlly treatmed sucessfully with antibitoics
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16
Q

what percentage of cardiac output is delivered to kidneys

A

renal arteries deliver 1/4th cardiac output to kidneys each minute

17
Q

describe arterial flow in kidneys

A

aorta -> renal -> segmental -> interlobar -> arcuate -> cortical radiate

then goes ut afferent arterioles to glomerulus and back out by efferent arteriles feeding into pericubular capillaries or vase recta

Ryans, Stuck, In Amy’s Cat

18
Q

venous blood flow through kidneys

A

cortical radiate -> arcuate -> interlobar -> renal veins

*no segmental veins

19
Q

what are nephrons? what are the two main parts

A

nephrons = structural and functional units that form urine

  • two main pats: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
20
Q

what types of cells exist in the nerphon

A
  • Parietal layer of glomerular capsule
    • stratefied squamous
  • Visceral alyer of glomerular capsule
    • have fenestrated endotherlium of glomerulus, podocyte, basement membrane
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
    • cuboidal cells
    • apical microvilli and lots mitochondira
  • Distal convoluted tubule
    • less microvilli
    • simple sequamous in desending, mix of squamous, cuboidal and columnar in ascenind limb
  • Colecting duct
    • principal and intercalated cells
21
Q

what are the two aprts of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

22
Q

descirbe the glomerulus

A
  • tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
  • highly porous capillaries that allow for efficient filtrate formation (plasma - protiens and - RBCs)

* filterate = plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine

23
Q

describe the glomerular capsule

A
  • cup shaped, hollow structure with a two layers
  • > Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
  • > Visceral layer : clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes, extensions terminalt in foot processes clings to basment membrane,
24
Q

what is the renal tubule composed of?

what are the parts of the renal tubule

A

copmsed of single ayer of epithelial cells

  • parts are
    1. proximal convoluted tubule
    2. Nephron loop
    3. Distal convoluted tubule (farthest from renal corpuscle

* DCT drains into collecting duct

25
cribe the proximal convoluted tubule
- cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that forms brush boarder - large mitochondira bc key area for ion and water abs - fuctions in reabsorption and secretion - confined to the cortex
26
describe the nrphron loop
\*formerly loop of henle) - has descending limg: continuous with PCT, mae of simple squamous epithelium - ascending limb: thin (squamous) and thick (cuboidal or columnar)
27
describe the distal convolutubed tubule structure
cuboidal cells with very few microvilli - function more in secretion thatn reabsorption - confiend to cortex
28
nephron under microscope
- PCT: fuzzy lume due to long microvilli - DCT: clear lumen
29
what are the two cell types in the collecting duct
principal cells and intercalated cells \*NOT part of renal tubule * Principal cells * sparse with short microvilli that maintain water and Na balance * intercalated cells * cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli * there are A and B interclated cells, both help reg acid-base balance - collecting duct receives filtrate from many nephrons - run through medulalry pyramids -\> gives them stripe appearance - ducts fuse together to deliver urine thru papillae into minor calyces
30
cortical nephron vs Juxtamedullary nerphron
* Cortical * short nephron loop * glomerulus further from cortex-medulla junction * almost fully in cortex * efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries * makes up 85% of neprons * Juxtamedullary * long nephron loop * glomerulus closer to cortex-medulla junction * deeply invaes medulla * efferent arteriole supples vasa recta and peritubular capillaries * ascening limbs have thick and tin segments * important for porcution of concentrated urine
31
what are the nephron capillary beds
**- renal tubules are associated with** - \> 2 capillary beds for cortical nephrons - \> 3 capillary beds for Juxtamedullary nephrons \*contain glomerulus and peritubular capillaries **- Juxtamedullary nephrone are associated with:** -\> vasa recta capillaries
32
describe the glomerulus capilaries of the neprhon capillary bed
- specialized for filtration - fed and drained by arteriole - \> afferent arteriole enters glomerulus arising from **cortical radiate arteries** - \> efferent arteriole feeds into **peritubular capillaries or vasa recta** - maintain high BP in glomerulus - \> afferent arterioles are **larger in diameter** than efferent arterioles - \> glomerulus arterioles are **high resistance vessels**
33
describe peritubular capillaries of the nephron capillary beds
- low pressure, porous capillaries - adapted for absorption of water and solutes - arise from **efferent arterioles** - adjacent to renal tubles in **cortex**
34
descirbe vasa recta capillaries of the nephron capillary beds
- parallel to nephron loops of juxtamedullary nerphrons - arise from **efferent arterioles** serving juxtamedulalry nephrons - function in formaiton of concentrated urine
35
what is the juxtaglomerular Complex
specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole -regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus.
36
what are the 3 types of cells in the JGC
macula denda granular cells (juxtaglomerular or JC cells) extraglomerular mesangial cells
37
describe the macula densa cells
one of 3 cells in Juxtaglomerular Complex - tall closely packed cells of **ascening limb** that contain chemoreceptors that sense **NaCl content of filtrate**
38
describe the granular cells
aka juxtaglomerular or JG cells (one of 3 cell populations) - enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole that act as **mechanoreceptors** to seond BP in **afferent arteriole** **-** secrete **renin**
39
describe the extraglomerular mesangial cells
- located between arteriole and tubule cells that are interconnected w/ gap junctions and may pass signals btwn macula densa and granualr cells

111: Anatomy/Phys 2 (31 decks)

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