2.2 Lungs anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many orders of branching are there for bronchi

A

air passage undergoes 23 orders of branching (bronchial tree)

  • tips of bronchial tree -> conducting zone structures give rise to respiratroy zone structures
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2
Q

how does the bronchi branch off?

A

* part of conducting zone

  • trachea divides right from left main (primary) bronchi

main bronchus -> hilum of one lung and branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi

-lobar->segmental (teritary) bronchi

  • teritary divde repeatedly, beocming smaller and smaller (called bronchiole when less than 1 mm in diameter)
  • terminal bronchioles: smallest of all branches (< 0.5mm in diameter)
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3
Q

left vs right bronchi

A

Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left

  • secondary bronchi: 3 on right and 2 on left

*each lobar bronchus supplied one lobe

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4
Q

what changes occur in the conducting zoe of the lungs

A
  • changes in support structures
    • cartilage rings become irregular paltes
    • in bronchioles, elastic fibers replace cartilage altogether
  • Epithelium types changes
    • Pseudostratified columnar -> cuboidal
    • Cilia and gobelt cells ebcome more sparse
  • Amount fo smoother msucle increases as go farther into lugns
    • allows bronchioles to provide substantial resistance to air passage
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5
Q
  • where does the respiratory zone begin?

what does it lead to?

A
  • respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
  • lead into alveolar ducts and then alverolar sacs (saccules)

*Alveolar sacs contain clusters of alveoli (~300 million alveoli make up most of lung volume)

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6
Q

role of alveolar pores

A

communciation between alveoli

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7
Q

what is the respiratory membrane and its function

A
  • blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes

*very thin ~0.5 um); allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

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8
Q

featuers of alveoli

A
  1. Walls:
    • single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells)
    • scattered cuboidal (type II alveolar cells) secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
  2. Surroudned by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
  3. alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli
    • equalize air pressue throughout lung
    • provide alternate routes in case of blockages
  4. Alveolar macrophages
    • keep alveolar surfaces sterile
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9
Q
A
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10
Q

lobes of lung

A

rights: superior, (horizonal fissure) middle (oblique fissue) inferior
left: superior (oblique fissure) inferior

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11
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments

A

lung lobes are further divded into bronchopulmonary segments

  • 10 on right and 8-10 on left
  • separated by tissue septa
  • each segment is served by its wn artery, vein and bronchus (if one segment is diseased can be individualy removed)
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12
Q

what are the lobules of the lung

A

smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; hexagonal segments served by bronchioles and their branches

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13
Q

lungs are mostly composed of ____ the rest consists of __________

A

Lungs are mostly composed of alveoli; the rest consists of stroma, elastic connective tissue (makes lungs very elastic and spongy)

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14
Q

what are two circulations that perfuse the lungs

A

pulmonary and bronchial

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15
Q

describe pulmonary ciruclation innervation of lung

A
  • Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation
  • branch profusely to beed into pulmonary capillary networks
  • pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones bakc to heart

*low pressure high voluem system

  • lung capillary endothelium cotnains many enzymes that act on diff substanced in blood
    ex: angiotensin converting enzyme
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16
Q

describe bronchial ciruclation innervation of lung

A
  • bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
  • arise from aorta and enter lungs at hilum
  • part of systemic circulatoin so are high pressue low volume
  • supply all lung tissue except alveioli (get O2 from diffusion)
  • Bronchial veins anastomose with pulmonary veins (create holes to connect with pulmonary veins)
17
Q

vernve innervation of lungs

A

– Nerves enter through pulmonary plexus on lung root

-> Run along bronchial tubes and blood vessels

Parasympathetic fibers cause bronchoconstriction

Sympathetic fibers cause bronchodilation

visceral sensory fibers

18
Q

what are Pleurae

A

thin double layered serosal memrbane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

Parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs

Visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface

Pleural fluid: fills slit like pleural cavity between two pleurae (provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs)

19
Q

what is Pleurisy

A
  • inflammation of pleurae that often resutls in pneumonia
  • inflammed pleurae ebocme rough, resulting in friction and stabbing pain with each breath
  • pleurae may product excesive amounts of fluid which may exert pressue on lungs -> hindering breathing
20
Q

hat fluids can accumulate in fleural cavity

what can it cause

A

– Blood: leaked from damaged blood vessels

– Blood filtrate: watery fluid that oozes from lung capillaries when left-sided heart failure occurs

*can cause pleural effusion: fluid accumucaltion in pleural cavivty