5.1 Microscopic anatomy of heart + contraction Flashcards

1
Q

describe the microscopic features of cardiac muscles

comment on: what muscle looks like, connection, T tubule, and mitochondria

A
  • cells are straited, short, branched and interconnected
  • endomysium connects fibrous skeleton of heart
  • each scaromere has a T tubule at the Z disc
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum is simple than in skeletal muslce
  • 25-35% of cell volume is mitochondira

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2
Q

heart has intercalated discs, what do they do

A

junctions between cells anchoring cardiac cells

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3
Q

heart has desmosomes, what do they do

A

prevents cells from separating durign contraction

*why muscle behaves as a functional syncytium

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4
Q

heart has gap junctions, what do they do

A

allow ions to pass; electrically couple adjacent cells -> connects cytoplasm of adjacent cells

*why muscle behaves as a functional syncytium

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5
Q

descirbe EC coupling in the cardiac muscle

A

*contractile cells

  1. AP from adjacent cell opens V gated Na channels
  2. Voltage gates Ca2+ channels open, Ca enters the cell
  3. Ca induces Ca2+ release through RyR (ryanodine receptor)
  4. local release causes Ca spark
  5. summed Ca sparks create a Ca signal
  6. Ca ions bind to troponin to initiate conraction
  7. relaxation occurs when Ca unbinds from troponin
  8. Ca pumped back into Sr for storage
  9. Ca si exchanges with Na by Na Ca exchanger
  10. Na gradient is maintained by na/K ATPase
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6
Q

what is the first step of cardiac muscle contraction

*contractile cells

A
  • depolarization opens the Voltage gated fast Na channels in carcolemma
  • Na enters, initiates postive feedback cucle (rising phase of AP)
  • reveral of membrane potential from 90-30 mV
  • Na channels quickly inactivate
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7
Q

what is the second step of cardiac muscle contraction

*contractile cells

A

depolarization wave in T tubules opens slow Ca2+ chanels (10-20% of Ca2+)

  • Ca influx triggers opening of Ca sensitive channels in SR, liberates bursts of Ca (where 80% of Ca comes from)
  • Ca surge prolongs depolarization phase (plateau)
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8
Q

what is the third step of cardiac muscle contraction

*contractile cells

A

repolarization resulting from inactivation of Ca channels and opening of voltage gated K channels

  • long absolute refractory period
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9
Q

what is the last step of cardiac muscle contraction

*contractile cells

A

Resting Phase Na+-K+ ATPase & Na+-Ca+ exchanger restore resting membrane potential

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10
Q

why dont you get tatnus in heart

A
  • short refractory period in skeletal muscle

0 in cardiac muslce the refractory period lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

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11
Q

compare skeletal and cardiac muscle based on:

duration of AP

contraction time

Ca source

of mitochondira

respiration

presence of autorhythmic cells

A
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12
Q

what do conducting cells of heart do

A

*intrinsic cardiac conduction system

  • network of noncontractile (autorhythmic) cells that initiate & distribtue impulses to coordinate depolarization & contraction of heart
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13
Q

describe contraction in autorhythmic cells

A
  1. Pacemaker potential
    • slow depolarization due to slow opening of Na channels and closing of K
    • **membrane potential never a flat line
  2. Depolarization
    • AP begins when pacemaker potential reaches threshold (~40 mV)
    • depolarization is due to Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels
    • NOTE in contractile cells this is accomplushed by sodium
  3. Repolariztion
    • Ca channels inactiate and K+ chennls open allowing K efflux
    • membrane potential returns and its most negatie voltage
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14
Q

compare the two types of cardiac cells

similarities and differences

A

autorhythmic vs contracile cells

  • Autorhythmic
    • depolarizes with Ca
    • never flatlines
    • sodium channels open slowly (slow sodium channel)
    • BOTH repolarize with K+
  • Contractile
    • deloparize with Na
    • quick spark of Na (fast sodium channel)
    • BOTH repolarize with K+
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15
Q

what is the sequence of excitation

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventicular node
  3. atrioventricular bunlde (bundle of his)
  4. right and left bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers (Subendocardial conducting network)
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16
Q

describe the first sept of heart sequence excitation

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
    - > right atrial wall inferior to SVC enterance
    - generates impulses ~75 times/min (sinus rhythm)

*faster of pacemaker cells

*causes all contractile cells in atria to depolarize and contract

*If no PSNS, other extrinsic factors & hormones, SA node will fire 100 times/minute

17
Q

describe step 2 in sequence excitation

A

@ atriventricular node

  • inferior portion of interatrial septum (aboe tricuspid value)
  • smaller diameter fibers; fewer gap junctions
  • delays impulses approximately 0.1 second
  • depolarizes 50x per min (absence of SA node input)
18
Q

describe step 3 of the sequence of excitation

A
  • atrioventricular Av bundle (bundle of His)
  • superior interventriuclar septum
  • only electrical connection between atria & ventricles
  • > insulated by fibrous skeleton of heart
19
Q

Describe step 4 of sequence of excitation

A
  • right and left bundle branches (one of each ventricle)
  • two pathways in interventricular septum carruing impulses toward heard apex
20
Q

describe step 5 of sequence of excitation

A

purkinje fibers (subendocaridal conducting network)

  • comeplte pathway into apex and ventricular walls
  • AV bundle & purkinge fibers depolarize only 30x/ min in absence of AV node input
21
Q

most firing action is the result of

A

neighbouring cells

*even tho cells are autorhythmic

*think: bunch of horses on a cart, ut the fastest ones at front to set the pace for others -> all AV node sets pace for all other cells

22
Q

describe conduction delay

A

time between initiation of impulse by SA node and depolarization of ventricular muscles

~0.22 seconds

  • ventricular contraction starts at apex & moves towards atria -> push blood up and out of pulmonary trunk & aorta
23
Q

how is the heart innervated extrinsically

A
  • vagus nerve will decrease HR acting in cardioinhibitory centre
  • SNS inc HR & force of contraction acting on cardio aacceleratory center
24
Q

if you innervate node you change the ____

if you innervate muscle you change the ____

A

node innervation changes rate

muscle innervation changes strength