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Physiological Psych > 9 Wakefulness and Sleep > Flashcards

9 Wakefulness and Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Rhythms that last about a day

A

Endogenous circadian rhythms

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2
Q 
Waking and sleeping
Eating and drinking 
Urination
Secretion of hormones
Sensitivity to drugs
Body temperature
A

Behaviors subject to circadian rhythms

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3
Q

Light is critical for ______ rhythms

A

Resetting

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4
Q

Rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

A

Free-running rhythm

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5
Q

The stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm

“Time giver”

A

Zeitgeber

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6
Q

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

A mismatch between internal circadian clock and external time

A

Jet lag

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7
Q

Phase delay

A

East to west

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8
Q

Phase advance

A

West to east

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9
Q

Stress elevated adrenal hormone called

A

Cortisol

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10
Q

______ have more accidents than day workers

A

Night workers

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11
Q

Part of the hypothalamus; provides the main control of the circadian rhythm for sleep and body temperature

A

The Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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12
Q

SCN is located just above

A

Optic chiasm

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13
Q

_______ start in small amounts early in the morning and increase during the day

A

Proteins

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14
Q

SCN regulates walking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in other brain areas, including:

A

Pineal gland

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15
Q

Gland releases hormone _____ - influences both circadian and circannual rhythms

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

Records average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain area nearest each electrode on the scalp

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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17
Q

A combination of EEG and eye-movement records

A

Polysomnograph

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18
Q

Have frequency of 8 to 12 per sec.

Have characteristics of relaxation, not of all wakefulness

A

Alpha waves

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19
Q

EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves

A

Stage 1 sleep

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20
Q

Characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes

A

Sleep spindle

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21
Q

Heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity decrease; slow, large-amplitude waves become more common

A

Succeeding stages of sleep

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22
Q

More than half the record includes large waves of at least .5 sec duration

A

By stage 4

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23
Q

Stage 3&4 constitute

A

Slow-wave sleep

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24
Q

Slow waves indicated that neuronal activity is

A

Highly synchronized

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25
Q

REM sleep is _____ in some ways and ______ in other ways

A

Deep, light

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26
Q

REM and _________ sleep are synonymous

A

Paradoxical sleep

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27
Q

EEG shows irregular, low voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity

A

REM sleep

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28
Q

Postural muscles of body are more relaxed than in other stages

A

REM sleep

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29
Q

Part of reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal

Maintains arousal during wakefulness and increases it in response to new or challenging tasks

Stimulation of area awakens sleeping individual or increases alertness in one already awake

A

Pontomesencephalon

30
Q

Small structure in the pins that emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal

Usually dormant while sleep

A

Locus coeruleus

31
Q

Axons release _________ “adrenaline” widely throughout cortex

A

Norepinephrine

32
Q

Anything that stimulates this area strengthens storage of recent memories and increases wakefulness

A

Locus coeruleus

33
Q

________ has several axon pathways that influence arousal

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

One pathway releases _______- produces excitatory effects throughout brain

A

Histamine

35
Q

The effect of antihistamine drugs

A

Allergy meds

Make you sleepy

36
Q

Neurotransmitter released by pathway from hypothalamus- axons releasing orexin extend to basal forebrain and other areas and stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness

A

Orexin or hypoctretin

37
Q

Is necessary for staying awake

A

Orexin

38
Q

Other pathways from lateral hypothalamus regulate cells in

A

Basal forebrain

39
Q

Cells provide axons that extend throughout thalamus and cerebral cortex- some release acetyocholine

A

Basal forebrain

40
Q

The role of GABA in sleep

A

Spontaneous firing rate

Important for decreasing body temperature

41
Q

Spontaneously active neurons continue to fire - why do we remain unconscious ?

A

GABA suppresses the stimulation of neurons “inhibits”

42
Q

Sleep walking & lucid dreaming mean that sleep can be

A

Local in the brain

43
Q

Cells in the pons send messages that inhibit motor neurons that control large muscles

A

During REM sleep

44
Q

What happens when most of the brain wakes up while the pons remain in REM?

A

Enable to move

45
Q

During REM sleep:

Activity _______ in pons and limbic system

A

Increases

46
Q

Activity _______ in primary visual cortex, motor cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but ______ in parts of parietal and temporal cortex

A

Decrease, increase

47
Q

REM sleep associated with ____ ________ - high amplitude electrical potentials

A

PGO waves

48
Q

During prolonged REM deprivation, _________ begin to emerge during stages 2-4, and even during wakefulness

A

PGO waves

49
Q

Pons send messages to the _______ ______, which inhibits motor neurons that control the body’s large muscles
Prevents motor movements durning REM sleep

A

Spinal cord

50
Q

REM sleep depends on relationship between ______ & _______

A

Serotonin & acetylcholine

51
Q

Inadequate amount of sleep

A

Insomnia

52
Q

Stress, noise, pain, dirt, uncomfortable temperatures, medications
Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, brain rumors, depression, anxiety, or other disorders

A

Causes of insomnia

53
Q

Has trouble falling asleep at usual time

A

Rhythm is phase-delayed

54
Q

Falls asleep easily but awakens early

A

Rhythm is phase-advanced

55
Q

Impaired ability to breathe while sleeping

A

Sleep apnea

56
Q

Condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day

A

Narcolepsy

57
Q

Attack of muscle weakness while person remains awake

A

Cataplexy

58
Q

Inability to move while falling asleep or waking up

A

Sleep paralysis

59
Q

Rhythm that prepares animal for seasonal changes

A

Endogenous circannual rhythm

60
Q

Characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms

Occurs mostly during NREM sleep

A

Periodic limb movement disorder

61
Q

People with this disorder move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams

A

REM behavior disorder

62
Q

Experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror

A

Night terrors

63
Q

How does sleep enhance memory?

A

Electrical activity patterns observes during learning were observed again, except faster, during sleep

64
Q

About ___% of sleep consists of REM

A

20

65
Q

REM is important for _______ storage, especially for weakening the inappropriate connections

A

Memory

66
Q

A dream represents the brains effort to make sense of sparse and disported information

Does its best to synthesize a story that makes sense

A

The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

67
Q

Emphasized that dreams begin with arousing stimuli within brain combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses

A

The Clinico-Antaomical Hypothesis

68
Q

characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli

A

sleep

69
Q

extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady

A

coma

70
Q

person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding

A

vegetative state

71
Q

one stage higher than a vegetative state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

A

minimally conscious state

72
Q

no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

A

brain death

Physiological Psych (12 decks)

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