7 Other Sensory Systems Flashcards
The psychological experience of amplitude
Loudness
Periodic compressions of air water or other media
Soundwaves
The number of compressions per second measured in hertz
Frequency
The psychological experience of frequency
Pitch
Range of frequencies in adults
15 hz- 20,000 hz
Includes the pinna
helps as locate the source of sound
Reflect the soundwaves into the middle ear
The outer ear
Tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to oval window m
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
Middle ear
Snail shapes structure in inner ear containing three long fluid filled tunnels
I’m
Cochlea
Lie between basilar membrane of the cochlea in one side and tectorial membrane on the other
Auditory receptors (hair cells)
Basilar membrane resembles strings of a piano, each area along membrane us tuned to a specific frequency
Place theory
Basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the sand frequency
Frequency theory
Combined modified versions of both theories
Low- frequency theory
Hugh- place theory
Current theory
Audits nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to 4,000 per sec even thou no individual axon approaches that frequency
Volley principle
What pathway auditory
Patterns of sound
Where pathway visual so cortex
Location of sound
Results from disease, infection, or tumorous bone growth , which prevent middle ear from transmitting doing waves properly to the cochlea
Conductive deafness (middle ear deafness)
Result from danger to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve
Nerve deafness (inner ear deafness)
Ringing in the ears
Tinnitus
For high frequency sounds with wavelength. Shorter than the width of the head, the head creates a sound shadow- makes the sound louder for the closer ear
Sound localization
Difference in time of arrival at the two ears
Time of arrival
A sound coming from anywhere other that straight ahead or straight behind reached the two ears at different phases of the sound wave
Phase difference
Respond to pressure, bending, or other distortion a of a receptor
Mechanical senses
The system that detects the position movement of the head
Vestibular sensation
The sensation of the body and its movements
Somatosensory system
Heat receptors respond to
Capsaicin
Coolness receptors respond to
Menthol
The experience evoked by a harmful stimulus, directs our attention and holds it
Pain
Thicker and faster axons
Stronger pain
Thinner and slower axons
Duller pain
These areas react not to the sensation but to the emotional associations Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Prefrontal cortex Cingulate cortex
Sympathetic pain
Receptors that act by blocking release of substance P
Opiate
Spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive messages from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain
Gate theory
Each re legit tesoinds go a limited range of stimuli, and the meaning depends entirely on which neurons are active
Label-line principle
Each receptor tesoinds to a wider range of stimuli, and a given response by a given a in means little except in comparison o what other axons are doing
Across-fiber pattern principle
Taste is located in the
Endopiriform cortex
Recoveries are in taste buds located in
Bumps on tongue
Papillae
Reflects the fatigue of receptos sensitive to sour taste
Adaptation
Reduces response to one taste after exposure to another
Cross-adaptation
Depends on a pattern of responses across fibers, not a system of pure labelled lines
Taste
Taste nerves project to the
Nucleus of the tractus solitaries in the medulla
Responds to touch stimulation on tongue
Somatosensory cortex
The primary taste cortex
Insula
Have high sensitivity to all tastes and mouth sensations
Super tasters
Neurons responsible for smell
Olfactory receptors
Why do we have so many types of olfactory receptors?
Olfaction processes enormous variety of airborne chemicals that do not range along single continuum
Where does olfactory bulb send axons in the brain?
To the olfactory area of cerebral cortex
Set of receptors located near olfactory receptors
vomeronasal organ
Specialized to respond only to ____ - chemicals released Bryan animal that affect behavior of other members of the same species, especially sexually
Pheromones
The experience of one sense in response to stimulation of a different sense
Synethesia
