1 The Major Issues Flashcards
The belief that he universe consist of only one kind of substance
The mind and body are one
Monism
Related a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs
Physical
Physiological explanation
Describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions
Learned behaviors
Ontogenetic behaviors
Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior
Goosebumps
Evolutionary explanation
Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did
Functional explanation
PhD in biology, psy, neuroscience, or related field.
University position combining teaching and research. Other laboratory positions (government, private industry)
Research career opt.
Clinical psy, counseling psy, school psy, specialized medicine, allied medical practices
Therapy
Units of hereditary that maintain their structure identity from one generation to another
Genes
Demonstrated that inheritance depends on genes
Gregor Mendel
Genes exist in
Pairs
Aligned along _____ that also come in pairs
Chromosomes
Strands of genes composed of deoxyribonucleic (DNA)
Chromosomes
DNA provides the template for synthesis of _____
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
4 “bases” of DNA
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
Order of the 4 bases determines order of corresponding bases along and ___ _______
RNA molecule
Bases on RNA
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Uracil
Order of bases along RNA molecule I’m turn determines order of ______ _____ that compose a protein
Amino acids
Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
Enzymes
Identical pair of genes on the chromosomes
Homozygous
Unmatched pair of genes
Ex: you might have a gene for blue eyes on one chromosome & gene for brown eyes on the other
Heterozygous
Genes are ____, _____, or _____
Dominant, recessive, or intermediate
Shows a strong affect in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions
Ex: ability to taste PTC
Dominant gene
Shows its effect only in the homozygous condition
Ex: low taste sensitivity to PTC
Recessive gene
T/F
If you have a gene for a trait, it always produces that outcome
False
T/F
A single gene completely controls a characteristic ex: eye color
False
Genes located on the sex chromosomes
Sex linked genes
All other chromosomes that are not the X, Y chromosome
Autosomal chromosomes and genes
Genes that are present in both sexes, but active mainly in one sex
Ex: chest hair in men; breast size in women
Sex-limited genes
Has genes for 27 protiens
Y
Has genes for approx. 1500 protiens
X
Heritable change in a DNA molecule
Mutation
Are mutations advantageous?
Rarely, but important
Chimpanzees & humans
Another kind of mutation is _______ or _______
Twice or not at all
Schizophrenia may be a result of this
Microduplication or microdeletion
Deals with changes in gene expression without modification of DNA sequence
Epigenetics
A gene may be present in every cell of the body, but:
Might be active only in certain types of cells, at a particular time of life
histones to loosen their grip on the DNA
Turns the gene on
Removal of acetyl group causes histones to tighten their grip on the DNA
Turns the gene off
Tight = \_\_\_\_ Loose = \_\_\_\_
Off
On
What you do at any moment not only affects you now, but also produces epigenetic effects that alter gene expression for longer periods of time
Experiences alter the activity of genes
Which is more important, hereditary or environment?
Almost all behaviors have both a genetic component & an environment component
Development from one egg; identical twins
Monozygotic twins
Developed from two eggs; fraternal twins
Dizygotic twins
Degree to which variations in some characteristic depend on genetic differences
Heritability
The belief that the mind and brain are different kinds of substance and exist independently
Dualism
How common is heritability of behavior
In almost every behavior
Genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A hereditary condition, but environmental interventions can modify it
Phenylalanine
How genes affect behavior?
Behaviors are not directly caused by genes
Genes can alter your environment by producing behaviors or traits that alter how people in your environment react or you
Modify your personality
Indirect
Change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population
Evolution
Mutation of genes occasionally introduce new heritable variations
In example:
White moths to dark moths
Choosing individuals with a desires trait and using them as parents for the next generation
Artificial selection
Nature selects & successful individuals’ genes will be prevalent in later generations
Survival advantage
Darwin’s insight
T/F
Lamarckian evolution- Use or disuse of a structure or behavior can cause an evolutionary increase or decrease in that feature (inheritance of acquires characteristics
False
T/F
Evolution means improvement
False
Does evolution benefit the individual or the species?
Neither the genes are benefited
T/F
Humans are no longer subject to evolution
False
Deals with how behaviors evolved, especially social behaviors
Evolutionary psychology
Peripheral/color vision, sleep mechanisms in the brain, eating habits, temperature regulation are examples of
Evolutionary psychology
An action that benefits someone other than the actor
Altruistic behavior
Idea that individuals help those who will return the favor
Reciprocal altruism
Underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species. Sometimes it is easier to study a nonhuman species
Reasons for animal research
T/F
We are interested in animals for their own sake
True
T/F
What we learn about animals sheds light on humans
True
No, no matter what
Abolitionist
Measures benefits vs. amount of stress
Justification
3 R’s
Reduction
Replacement
Refinement
