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Physiological Psych > 13 The Biology of Learning And Memory > Flashcards

13 The Biology of Learning And Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them

A

classical conditioning

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2
Q

initially elicits no special response (sound from metronome

A

conditioning stimulus

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3
Q

unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits an

A

unconditioned response (meat elicits salvation in dog)

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4
Q

after several pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

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5
Q

order of classical conditioning

A

CS, UCS, UCR, CR

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6
Q

an individual’s response leads to a reinforcer or punisher

to weaken or strengthen a behavior

A

operant conditioning

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7
Q

any event that increases the future probability of the response

A

reinforcer

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8
Q

an event that suppresses the frequency of the response

A

punishment

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9
Q

learning that occurs as result of observing the experience of others

A

observational learning

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10
Q

the natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others

A

modeling

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11
Q

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food because it once made them sick

A

conditioned taste aversion

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12
Q

classical conditioning reflects a strengthened connection between a ____ center and a ____ center in the brain

A

CS, UCS

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13
Q

the physical representation of what has been learned

a connection between two brain areas

A

engram

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14
Q

results of Lashley’s Search for the Engram

A

learning and memory did not depend entirely on connections across the cortex

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15
Q

removing large portions of cerebral cortex:

A

learning does not depend on a single area of the cortex

the amount taken out mattered

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16
Q

all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, and any part of cortex can substitute for any other

A

equipotentialty

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17
Q

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

A

mass action

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18
Q

memory for events that just occured

A

short-term memory

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19
Q

memory for events from further back

A

long-term memory

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20
Q

short term capacity

A

limited

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21
Q

long term capacity

A

does not

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22
Q

events forgotten from short-term memory are

A

lost

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23
Q

emotional experiences increase secretion of:

A

epinephrine and cortisol

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24
Q

involves the way we store information while we’re working with it

A

working memory

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25
Q

a common test of WM

requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago

A

delayed response task

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26
Q

_____ memory often impaired in older people

probably results from changes in prefrontal cortex

A

working

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27
Q

older humans who show declining memory show declining:

A

activity in prefrontal cortex

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28
Q

H.M. had what removed

A

hippocampus from both hemishpheres

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29
Q

H.M. was unable to form new ____ _____ memories

A

long term

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30
Q

H.M. intellect and language we

A

unimpaired

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31
Q

H.M. ‘s situation showed that the ______ was vital for forming new long term memories

A

hippocampus

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32
Q

H.M. suffered massive ______ & ______amnesia

A

anterograde, retrograde

33
Q

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

A

anterograde amnesia

34
Q

loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

version portrayed in movies

A

retrograde amnesia

35
Q

memory for specific events in your life

A

episodic memory

36
Q

ability to state a memory in words

A

declarative memory

37
Q

H.M. has better _____ memory

A

implicit

38
Q

memory involving a deliberate retrieval of information. you recognize it as a memory

A

explicit memory

39
Q

an influence pf recent experience on behavior. you do not recognize that influence

A

implicit memory

40
Q

development of motor skills and habits

A

procedural memory

41
Q

people with _____ damage have great difficulty learning new facts

A

hippocamal

42
Q

animal sees object the sample and then, after a delay, gets a choice between two objects

A

delayed matching-to-sample task

43
Q

animal sees object the sample and then, after a delay, gets a choice between two objects but must choose the object that is different from the sample

A

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

44
Q

has eight or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end

A

radial maze

45
Q

the hippocampus may be particularly important for remembering the ________ of an event

A

details and context

46
Q

the more consolidated a memory becomes the less it relies on the

A

hippocampus

47
Q

gradual learning over repeated experiences depends on the

A

basil ganglia

48
Q

hippocampus is more important for

basal ganglia more important for

A

declarative

procedural

49
Q

brain damage cause by prolonged thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1)

often due to chronic alcoholism

apathy, confusion, forgetting and confabulation

A

Korsakoff”s syndrome

50
Q

brain needs thiamine to

A

metabolize glucose

51
Q

prolonged thiamine deficency leads to ________ __ _____ of neurons throughout the brain

A

loss or shrinkage

52
Q

guessing to fillin memory gaps

A

confabulation

53
Q

disease associated with gradual loss of memory anf other cognitive functioning

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

54
Q

AD patients have better

A

procedural than decarative

55
Q

clumps of beta amyloid that cluster among axon terminals leads to disrution of neural transmission

A

plaques

56
Q

result from abnormal contractions of the protien inside neurons lead to death of neurons

A

tangles

57
Q

genes controlling early onset AD cause protien _____ to accumulate both inside and outside neurons

A

amyloid beta

58
Q

treatments for AD

A

no drug is highly effective

most common is to stimulate acetylcholine receptors or prolong acetylcholine release- results in increase arousal

59
Q

appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously
piece info together

A

parietal lobe damage

60
Q

loss of certain types of semantic memory

results from damage in the anterior and inferior regions of the temporal lobe

some patients can’t identify living things

A

semantic dementia

61
Q

cells in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex respond based on _________ ______, based on past experience

A

the reward to be expected

62
Q

cells in the oribtofrontal cortex respond based ___________ to other possible choices

A

on how that reward compares

63
Q

a synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

A

Hebbian synapse

64
Q

Hebbian synapse is critical for many kinds of:

A

associative learning

65
Q

touch and vigorously withdraws irritated structure

A

withdrawl response

66
Q

a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no charge in other stimuli

sensory neurons are failing to excite motor neurons as it previously did

A

habituation

67
Q

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli

A

sensitzation

68
Q

the presynaptic neuron continues releasing its neurotransmitter for longer than usual

A

result of sensitization

69
Q

occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with brief but rapid series of stimuli

increase in synaptic strength resulting from the simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

A

long term potentiation

70
Q

specificity, cooperativity, associativity

A

three properties of LTP

71
Q

only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strengthened

A

specificity

72
Q

simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon

A

cooperativity

73
Q

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

A

associativity

74
Q

opposite change that occurs in the hippocampus and cerebellum

one synapse strengthens while the other weakens

A

long-term depression

75
Q

types of glutamate receptors

A

AMPA

NMDA

76
Q

typical iontropic receptor that opens sodium channels

A

AMPA

77
Q

its response to glutamate depends on degree of polarization across the membrane

leads to action potential and depolarization of cell

A

NMDA

78
Q

the ion channel is blocked by

A

magnesium ions

79
Q

NMDA channels opens only if the

A

magnesium leaves

Physiological Psych (12 decks)

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