12 Emotional Behaviors Flashcards
Sympathetic branch
Fight or flight
Slows you down & saves energy
Parasympathetic branch
First we feel an emotion, which then changes our heart rate and prompts other responses
Common sense view
Autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first
- People with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion
- Causing or increasing someone’s responses should enhance an emotion
James-Lange Theory
Paralyzed people report that they feel emotions _________ as before their injury
Same as before
Output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails completely or almost completely
Report same emotions just much less intense than before
Pure autonomic failure
Marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal
Panic attack
People are unable to love their facial muscles to make a smile
Möbius syndrome
Emotional experiences arouse _______ _________ ___ ______
Many areas of the brain
The forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus
The limbic system
The only emotion for which brain evidence suggests brain localization is
Disgust
The _____ ______ (insula) is stinky activated is you see a disgusting picture or facial expression of someone else who is feeling disgusted
Insular cortex
Three components of emotion
Cognitions
Feelings
Actions
The insula is
The primary taste cortex
Insula reacts to
Frightening pictures and disgusting ones
Activity of left hemisphere relates to
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
BAS is marked by
Low to moderate autonomic arousal
Increased activity of right hemisphere associated with the
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
BIS increases attention and arousal inhibits actions and stimulates emotions such as
Fear and disgust
Difference between hemisphere relates to
Personality
People with greater activity in frontal cortex of left hemisphere associated with
Happier more outgoing friendly
Ppl with greater activity in right hemisphere associated with
Social withdrawal
Right hemisphere appears to be more responsive to
Emotional stimuli than the left
The right hemisphere is better at
Expressing emotions and detecting other people’s emotions
What good do emotions do
Adaptive values ( fear leads to escape, anger leads to attack, etc) and it allows us to make quick decisions; helps us make moral decisions
Katkin et al Study -
Showed that people who are good at detecting their autonomic responses may have valid gut feelings about dangers that they cannot identify consciously
Contemplating moral decisions activates the
Prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and the amydala
The Trolley Dilemna -
You have the chance to flip the switch to hit one person instead of the 5
The Footbridge Dilemma -
Push guy off the bridge to stop the trolley from hitting the 5
The Lifeboat Dilemma -
You can push one person off the lifeboat to save everyone else
The Hospital Dilemma
Kill the visitor to give the organs to the other 5 people
Damage to the parts of the prefrontal cortex causes
Impaired decision making
Leads to impulsive decision making without pausing to consider consequences
The cause of Phineas Gage
Had a pipe go through his head and survived
Damasio’s patient with prefrontal cortex damage
Never experienced emotions
Monozygotic twins vs. dizygotic twins
One is more violent than the other
Attempts to find specific gene linked to aggressive behavior have found only
Weak effects
Violence is particularly enhanced in people with both
Genetic predisposition and troubled early environment
Study comparing people who had genetic differences in production of monoamine oxidase A (MAO)
Effects of gene apparently interact with childhood experience
aggressive behavior is linked to
low serotonin release
the amount of neurons release and replace
turnover
response to an unexpected loud noise
used to measure anxiety
the startle reflex
controls fear responses
amygdala
learning of fear responses impaired and fear responses previously learned
damage to amygdala
people with amygdala damage do or don’t lose their emotions
don’t
characterized by increased activity of sympathetic nervous system, readying body for brief emergency activity
alarm
as sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, and heal wounds
resistance
third stage in which individual it tired, inactive, and vulnerable because nervous system and immune system and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened response
exhaustion
the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex
the HPA axis
enhances metabolic activity and elevated blood levels of sugar and other nutrients
cortisol
HPA axis becomes _______ response to prolonged stressors
dominant
when immune system attacks normal cells
autoimmune disease
white blood cells
most important elements of the immune system
Leukocytes
mature mostly in bone marrow and secretes antibodies
B cells
Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens
antibodies
surface proteins that are antibody generator molecules
antigens
mature in the thymus gland\
attack intruders directly and some help other T cells or B cells to multiply
T cells
small proteins produced by leukocytes and other cells in response to infection
cytokines
additional chemicals produced by immune system that promote sleepiness
prostaglandins
study of relationship between nervous system and the immune system
psychoneuroimmunology
prolonged increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism and therefore detracts energy toward increasing metabolism and therefore detracts energy from synthesizing proteins
prolonged stress response
