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Physiological Psych > 14 Cognitive Functions > Flashcards

14 Cognitive Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

Each hemisphere gets taste information from ______ side of the tongue and smell information from the nostrils on its side

A

It’s own

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2
Q

Each hemisphere gets information from ________ , but slightly stronger information from contralateral eat than from ipsilateral ear

A

both ears

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3
Q

Taste and smell are

A

Uncrossed

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4
Q

Set of axons through which left and right hemispheres exchange information

Sometimes severed to treat severe epilepsy

A

Corpus callosum

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5
Q

Division of labor between the two hemispheres

Two hemispheres are not mirror images

A

Lateralization

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6
Q

What is visible at the moment

A

Visual field

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7
Q

Half of axons from each eye cross to opposite side of brain at the

A

Optic chiasm

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8
Q

Each ear sends information to _____ of the brain

A

Both sides

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9
Q

Damage to the corpus callosum

A

Prevents the 2 hemispheres from exchanging info

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10
Q

Condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity

A

Epilepsy

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11
Q

Can result from mutation of gene controlling the GABA receptor, from trama or infection in the brain, brain tumors, or exposure to toxic substances

A

Epilepsy

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12
Q

Block sodium flow across the membrane or enhance effects of GABA

A

Antiepileptic drugs

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13
Q

People who have undergone surgery to corpus callosum

A

Split brain people

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14
Q

Split brain people _____ their intellect and motivation, walk ______, and use the two hands together on ______ tasks.

A

Maintain, normally, familiar

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15
Q

T/F Split brain people struggle with less familiar tasks

A

True

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16
Q

Split brain people response ______ to stimuli presented to only one side of the body

A

Differently

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17
Q

Split brain person could then point with left hand to what right hemisphere had see and vice versa

A

Roger Sperry’s studies

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18
Q

Left hemisphere is dominant for _____ production in more than 95% of right hand people and nearly ___% of left handed people

A

Speech,80

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19
Q

For most people _______ hemisphere understands speech reasonably well (except for complex grammar)

A

Right

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20
Q

Left and right hemispheres respond ___________ to non language sounds

A

about equally

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21
Q

Show split brain person object in the left visual field usually:

A

Cannot name object or describe it

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22
Q

With speech small amounts of information travel between hemispheres through

A

Smaller commissures

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23
Q

Patients who cannot name objects points to it correctly with _____ hand, but says:

A

Left, I don’t know what it was

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24
Q

Advantages in having just one hemisphere control speech

A

Many people with bilateral speech stutter

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25
Q

In first few weeks after surgery, hemispheres act like

A

Separate people sharing one body

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26
Q

Corpus callosum doesn’t heal, but brain learns to use smaller connections (________) between hemispheres

A

Commissures

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27
Q

Speak in monotone voice
Don’t understand other people’s emotional expressions
Usually fail to understand humor and sarcasm

A

People with damage in parts of right hemisphere

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28
Q

in split brain people ____ hemisphere does better than the ____ at recognizing whether two photographs show same or different emotions

A

right, left

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29
Q

An area in the temporal cortex that is larger in the left hemisphere in 65% of people

A

Planum temporale

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30
Q

Corpus callosum matures gradually over first ___ to ___ years of life

A

5-10

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31
Q

Because connections take years to develop their mature adult pattern, young children exhibit certain behaviors similar to those of ________ adults

A

Split brain

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32
Q

Ppl without corpus callosum can perform many tasked that split brain people _____

A

Fail

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33
Q

In ppl born without corpus callosum each hemisphere develops pathways connecting it to both sides of the body
Results in

A

Enabling left hemisphere to feel both left and right hands

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34
Q

Connects anterior parts of cerebral cortex

A

Anterior commisure

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35
Q

Connects left and right hippocampi

A

Hippocampal commisure

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36
Q

In ppl born without corpus callosum the brains other commissures become _____ than usual

A

Larger

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37
Q

T/F

You do not rely on one hemisphere more than the other- you use both hemispheres for all but the simple tasks

A

True

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38
Q

The ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas

A

Productivity

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39
Q

T/F
What we learn from studying non human language abilities: We gain insights into how best to teach language skills to those who do not learn it easily like:
Ppl with brain damage
Children with autism

A

True

40
Q

Language developed as accidental by-product of intelligence

A

Simplest view

41
Q

T/F

Problems with simplest view: not all people with full-sized brains have normal language

A

True

42
Q

A genetic condition ____ impair language without impairing other aspects of intelligent

A

Can

43
Q

Disorder that affects 1 in 20,000
Many speak grammatically & fluently
Poor at tasks related to numbers, visuospatial skills, and spatial perception

A

Williams Syndrome

2nd problem with byproduct of intelligence theory

44
Q

Proposed what humans have a language acquisition device (built in mechanism for acquiring language)

A

Chomsky & Pinker

45
Q

Humans have specially evolved something that enables them to learn language easily

A

Most researchers agree

46
Q

_____ are better than ______ children at memorizing the vocabulary of a second language

A

Adults, children

47
Q

_______ have a great advantage on learning the pronunciation and mastering the grammar

A

Children

48
Q

Severe language impairment usually due to brain damage

A

Broca’s aphasia (non fluent aphasia)

49
Q

Ppl with Broca’s aphasia have comprehension deficits when sentence structure is _____

A

Complicated

50
Q

Ppl with Broca’s aphasia are slow & awkward with all forms of expression, including ______, ______, & _______

A

Speaking, writing, gesturing

51
Q

When ppl with Broca’s aphasia speak they omit most _______ & trouble understanding these words

A 
Closed class of grammatical forms
Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, & helping verbs
52
Q

Damage in part of the left temporal cortex produces
Patients could speak & write, but language comprehension poor
Anomia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)

53
Q

Difficulty recalling the names of objects

A

Anomia

54
Q

Music & language have ____ parallels

A

Strong

55
Q

________ strongly activated when orchestral musicians sight-read music

A

Broca’s area

56
Q

Specific impairment in reading I someone with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas

A

Dyslexia

57
Q

People with dyslexia ____ likely to have bilaterally symmetrical cerebral cortex

A

More

58
Q

Children with dyslexia show _____ arousal in parietal and temporal cortex when reading

A

Less

59
Q

Have trouble sounding out words a and try to remember each word as a whole

A

Dysphonetic dyslexics

60
Q

Sound out words okay, but fail to recognize a word as a whole
Read slowly and have trouble with irregularly spelled words

A

Dyseidetic dyslexics

61
Q

Most ppl with dyslexia have _____ problems

A

Auditory

62
Q

It’s more than just hearing problems, many ppl with dyslexia have problems with _____

A

Attention

63
Q

The view that everything that exists is physical or material

A

Materialism

64
Q

Mental events that don’t exist at all; folk psychology based on minds and mental activity is fundamentally mistaken

A

Eliminative materialism

65
Q

The view that only the mind really exists and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it

A

Mentalism

66
Q

The view that mental processes and certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms

A

Identity position

67
Q

T/F the mind is not the brain.

A

True, the mind is brain activity

68
Q

Knowing the differences between various states of consciousness

A

Easy problem of consciousness

69
Q

Knowing why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness

A

Hard problem of consciousness

70
Q

If a cooperative person reports the prescribes of one stimulus and cannot report the presences of a second stimulus, then he/she was conscious of the first and not the second

A

Operational definition

71
Q

Consciousness is almost synonymous with ______

A

Attention

72
Q

If you observe a complex scene, and something in it changes slowly, or changes while you blind your eyes, there is a good chance you will not notice it

A

Inattentional blindness

73
Q

Present stimulus under 2 conditions
We expect the observer to be _____ of it
We expect the observer to be _______ of it

A

aware, unconscious

74
Q

A brief visual stimulus preceded and followed by mask interfering stimuli

A

Masking

75
Q

Just the later stimulus is presented

A

Backward masking

76
Q

Consciousness of a stimuli depends on the ______ & ______ of brain activity

A

Amount & spread

77
Q

For both conscious and unconscious conditions, stimulus initially activated the _____________ cortex, but activation was stronger in conscious condition

A

Primary visual cortex

78
Q

In conscious condition, activity spread to several additional areas including __________ cortex and __________ cortex - areas apparently amplify the signal

A

Prefrontal, parietal

79
Q

Conscious stimulus also synchronizes responses for ______ in various brain areas

A

Neurons

80
Q

Conscious stimulus produce more ______ response from one trial to another

A

Consistent

81
Q

Their synaptic inputs arrive simultaneously at their target cells, producing maximal summation

A

Consequences of synchronized action potentials

82
Q

Being conscious of a stimulus depends on the amount of brain activity - it’s information has taken over more of your brain’s activity

A

Implication

83
Q

Slow and gradual shifts in perception from one eye to the other

A

Binocular rivalry

84
Q

When a stimulus activated enough neurons to a sufficient extent, activity reverberates, magnifies, and extends over much of the brain

A

Threshold phenomenon

85
Q

If you see a dot in one position, alternating with a similar dot nearby, it will seem to you that the dot is moving back and forth

A

Phi phenomenon

86
Q

Reaction to a stimulus

A

Bottom-up attention

87
Q

Intentional and controlled

A

Top-down attention

88
Q

The finding that the ability to name an ink color in which a word is printed is inhibited if that word happens to name a conflicting color

A

Stroll effect

89
Q

Directing attention toward something requires _______ activity in some neurons and ______ it in others

A

increasing, decreasing

90
Q

Deliberate top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the ______ cortex and ______ cortex

A

prefrontal, parietal

91
Q

A tendency for many people with damage to parts of the right hemisphere to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects

A

Spatial neglect

92
Q

The main problems with neglect is ______, not impaired ______

A

Attention, sensations

93
Q

Tell the person to pay attention
Have person look left while feeling an object with the left hand
Have person cross hand one over other in front of body

A

Increase attention to neglected side

94
Q

Many patients with neglect also have deficits with ___________ and with shifting attention, even when the location is irrelevant

A

Spatial working memory

95
Q

Left hemisphere sees only _____ side of the world.

Right hemisphere sees only _____ side of the world

A

Right

Left

Physiological Psych (12 decks)

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