14 Cognitive Functions Flashcards
Each hemisphere gets taste information from ______ side of the tongue and smell information from the nostrils on its side
It’s own
Each hemisphere gets information from ________ , but slightly stronger information from contralateral eat than from ipsilateral ear
both ears
Taste and smell are
Uncrossed
Set of axons through which left and right hemispheres exchange information
Sometimes severed to treat severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum
Division of labor between the two hemispheres
Two hemispheres are not mirror images
Lateralization
What is visible at the moment
Visual field
Half of axons from each eye cross to opposite side of brain at the
Optic chiasm
Each ear sends information to _____ of the brain
Both sides
Damage to the corpus callosum
Prevents the 2 hemispheres from exchanging info
Condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity
Epilepsy
Can result from mutation of gene controlling the GABA receptor, from trama or infection in the brain, brain tumors, or exposure to toxic substances
Epilepsy
Block sodium flow across the membrane or enhance effects of GABA
Antiepileptic drugs
People who have undergone surgery to corpus callosum
Split brain people
Split brain people _____ their intellect and motivation, walk ______, and use the two hands together on ______ tasks.
Maintain, normally, familiar
T/F Split brain people struggle with less familiar tasks
True
Split brain people response ______ to stimuli presented to only one side of the body
Differently
Split brain person could then point with left hand to what right hemisphere had see and vice versa
Roger Sperry’s studies
Left hemisphere is dominant for _____ production in more than 95% of right hand people and nearly ___% of left handed people
Speech,80
For most people _______ hemisphere understands speech reasonably well (except for complex grammar)
Right
Left and right hemispheres respond ___________ to non language sounds
about equally
Show split brain person object in the left visual field usually:
Cannot name object or describe it
With speech small amounts of information travel between hemispheres through
Smaller commissures
Patients who cannot name objects points to it correctly with _____ hand, but says:
Left, I don’t know what it was
Advantages in having just one hemisphere control speech
Many people with bilateral speech stutter
In first few weeks after surgery, hemispheres act like
Separate people sharing one body
Corpus callosum doesn’t heal, but brain learns to use smaller connections (________) between hemispheres
Commissures
Speak in monotone voice
Don’t understand other people’s emotional expressions
Usually fail to understand humor and sarcasm
People with damage in parts of right hemisphere
in split brain people ____ hemisphere does better than the ____ at recognizing whether two photographs show same or different emotions
right, left
An area in the temporal cortex that is larger in the left hemisphere in 65% of people
Planum temporale
Corpus callosum matures gradually over first ___ to ___ years of life
5-10
Because connections take years to develop their mature adult pattern, young children exhibit certain behaviors similar to those of ________ adults
Split brain
Ppl without corpus callosum can perform many tasked that split brain people _____
Fail
In ppl born without corpus callosum each hemisphere develops pathways connecting it to both sides of the body
Results in
Enabling left hemisphere to feel both left and right hands
Connects anterior parts of cerebral cortex
Anterior commisure
Connects left and right hippocampi
Hippocampal commisure
In ppl born without corpus callosum the brains other commissures become _____ than usual
Larger
T/F
You do not rely on one hemisphere more than the other- you use both hemispheres for all but the simple tasks
True
The ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas
Productivity
T/F
What we learn from studying non human language abilities: We gain insights into how best to teach language skills to those who do not learn it easily like:
Ppl with brain damage
Children with autism
True
Language developed as accidental by-product of intelligence
Simplest view
T/F
Problems with simplest view: not all people with full-sized brains have normal language
True
A genetic condition ____ impair language without impairing other aspects of intelligent
Can
Disorder that affects 1 in 20,000
Many speak grammatically & fluently
Poor at tasks related to numbers, visuospatial skills, and spatial perception
Williams Syndrome
2nd problem with byproduct of intelligence theory
Proposed what humans have a language acquisition device (built in mechanism for acquiring language)
Chomsky & Pinker
Humans have specially evolved something that enables them to learn language easily
Most researchers agree
_____ are better than ______ children at memorizing the vocabulary of a second language
Adults, children
_______ have a great advantage on learning the pronunciation and mastering the grammar
Children
Severe language impairment usually due to brain damage
Broca’s aphasia (non fluent aphasia)
Ppl with Broca’s aphasia have comprehension deficits when sentence structure is _____
Complicated
Ppl with Broca’s aphasia are slow & awkward with all forms of expression, including ______, ______, & _______
Speaking, writing, gesturing
When ppl with Broca’s aphasia speak they omit most _______ & trouble understanding these words
Closed class of grammatical forms Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, & helping verbs
Damage in part of the left temporal cortex produces
Patients could speak & write, but language comprehension poor
Anomia
Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)
Difficulty recalling the names of objects
Anomia
Music & language have ____ parallels
Strong
________ strongly activated when orchestral musicians sight-read music
Broca’s area
Specific impairment in reading I someone with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas
Dyslexia
People with dyslexia ____ likely to have bilaterally symmetrical cerebral cortex
More
Children with dyslexia show _____ arousal in parietal and temporal cortex when reading
Less
Have trouble sounding out words a and try to remember each word as a whole
Dysphonetic dyslexics
Sound out words okay, but fail to recognize a word as a whole
Read slowly and have trouble with irregularly spelled words
Dyseidetic dyslexics
Most ppl with dyslexia have _____ problems
Auditory
It’s more than just hearing problems, many ppl with dyslexia have problems with _____
Attention
The view that everything that exists is physical or material
Materialism
Mental events that don’t exist at all; folk psychology based on minds and mental activity is fundamentally mistaken
Eliminative materialism
The view that only the mind really exists and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it
Mentalism
The view that mental processes and certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms
Identity position
T/F the mind is not the brain.
True, the mind is brain activity
Knowing the differences between various states of consciousness
Easy problem of consciousness
Knowing why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness
Hard problem of consciousness
If a cooperative person reports the prescribes of one stimulus and cannot report the presences of a second stimulus, then he/she was conscious of the first and not the second
Operational definition
Consciousness is almost synonymous with ______
Attention
If you observe a complex scene, and something in it changes slowly, or changes while you blind your eyes, there is a good chance you will not notice it
Inattentional blindness
Present stimulus under 2 conditions
We expect the observer to be _____ of it
We expect the observer to be _______ of it
aware, unconscious
A brief visual stimulus preceded and followed by mask interfering stimuli
Masking
Just the later stimulus is presented
Backward masking
Consciousness of a stimuli depends on the ______ & ______ of brain activity
Amount & spread
For both conscious and unconscious conditions, stimulus initially activated the _____________ cortex, but activation was stronger in conscious condition
Primary visual cortex
In conscious condition, activity spread to several additional areas including __________ cortex and __________ cortex - areas apparently amplify the signal
Prefrontal, parietal
Conscious stimulus also synchronizes responses for ______ in various brain areas
Neurons
Conscious stimulus produce more ______ response from one trial to another
Consistent
Their synaptic inputs arrive simultaneously at their target cells, producing maximal summation
Consequences of synchronized action potentials
Being conscious of a stimulus depends on the amount of brain activity - it’s information has taken over more of your brain’s activity
Implication
Slow and gradual shifts in perception from one eye to the other
Binocular rivalry
When a stimulus activated enough neurons to a sufficient extent, activity reverberates, magnifies, and extends over much of the brain
Threshold phenomenon
If you see a dot in one position, alternating with a similar dot nearby, it will seem to you that the dot is moving back and forth
Phi phenomenon
Reaction to a stimulus
Bottom-up attention
Intentional and controlled
Top-down attention
The finding that the ability to name an ink color in which a word is printed is inhibited if that word happens to name a conflicting color
Stroll effect
Directing attention toward something requires _______ activity in some neurons and ______ it in others
increasing, decreasing
Deliberate top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the ______ cortex and ______ cortex
prefrontal, parietal
A tendency for many people with damage to parts of the right hemisphere to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects
Spatial neglect
The main problems with neglect is ______, not impaired ______
Attention, sensations
Tell the person to pay attention
Have person look left while feeling an object with the left hand
Have person cross hand one over other in front of body
Increase attention to neglected side
Many patients with neglect also have deficits with ___________ and with shifting attention, even when the location is irrelevant
Spatial working memory
Left hemisphere sees only _____ side of the world.
Right hemisphere sees only _____ side of the world
Right
Left
