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Physiological Psych > 5 & 6 Development & Plasticity of the Brain & Vision > Flashcards

5 & 6 Development & Plasticity of the Brain & Vision Flashcards

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0
Q

Movement of cells after they have differentiated as neurons

A

Migration

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1
Q

Production of new cells

A

Proliferation

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2
Q

Process whereby neuron forms it’s axons and dendrites

A

Differentiation

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3
Q

Process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission

A

Mylination

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4
Q

Formation of synapses

A

Synagptogenesis

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5
Q

Chemical that promotes survival and activity of neurons

A

Neurotrophin

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6
Q

Voluntary eye movement away from normal direction

Improves as you get older

A

Antisaccade task

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7
Q

If it’s axon does not make contact with an appropriate post synaptic cell by a certain age, the neuron kills itself

A

Apoptosis

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8
Q

Stimulation on one finger excited mostly or entirely the same cortical area as another finger

Musicians cramp

A

Focal hand dystonia

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9
Q

Temporary loss of blood flow to a brain area

A

Stroke

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10
Q

Result of blood clot or other obstruction in an artery

A

Ischemia stroke

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11
Q

Less common

Result of ruptured artery, neurons are flooded with blood and excess oxygen, calcium, and chemicals

A

Hemorrhage

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12
Q

Accumulation of fluid which increases pressure on brain and probability of additional strokes

A

Edema

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13
Q

The region surrounding the immediate damage in a stroke

A

Cells in the penumbra

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14
Q

The decreases activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

Because activity in once area stimulated another areas damage to the brain disrupts patterns of normal stimulation

A

Diaschisis

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15
Q

A destroyed cell body can not be replaced, damaged axons do grow back under certain circumstances

A

The re growth of axons

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16
Q

After loss of a set of axons, cells that lost their source of innervation react by secreting neurotrophins to induce other axons to form new branches

A

Collateral sprouts

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17
Q

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon

A

Denervation supersensitivity

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18
Q

Heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon

A

Disuse supersensitivity

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19
Q

A continuing sensation of an amputated body part can range from tingling to intense pain

A

Phantom limb

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20
Q

A limb that has lost its sensory input

You can you the arm you just choose not to

A

Deafferented limbs

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21
Q

After information reaches your nervous system you encode it. you store the information in terms of responses by neurons in these ways:

A

Which neurons respond
Their amount of response
Timing of their responses

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22
Q

Whatever excise a particular nervous establishes a special kind of energy unique to let nerve

A

Law of specific nerve energies

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23
Q

Center of the iris

A

Pupil

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24
Q

Rear surface of the

A

Retina

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25
Q

Located closer to the center of the Eye receive messages from receptors at back of the eye

A

Bipolar cells

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26
Q

Locate is still closer to the center of the eye, receives messages from bipolar cells

A

Ganglion cells

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27
Q

The exile gangly on cells join one other to form the optic nerve the travels to the

A

Brain

28
Q

Additional cells that get information from bipolar cells and send it to other bipolar cells, other amacrine cells, and ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cells

29
Q

Has no receptors

A

Blind spot

30
Q

Tiny area specialized from acute, detailed vision

Packed tightly with receptors

A

Fovea

31
Q

When trying to focus on something small on the ground focus on the

A

Fovea

32
Q

Ganglion cells in fovea of humans and primates

A

Midget ganglion cells

33
Q

Greater perception in fainter light

A

Peripheral vision

34
Q

Abundant in periphery of retina

Respond to faint light, not useful in bright light

A

Rods

35
Q

Abundant in and near fovea, less active in dim light, more useful in Bright light and essential for color vision

A

Cones

36
Q

Chemicals and both the rods and cones are released energy was struck by light

A

Photo pigments

37
Q

Ratio of rods to cones

A

120 million : 6 million per retina

38
Q

Propose that we perceive color by comparing responses across a few types of receptors each of which was sensitive to a different range of wavelengths

A

The Trichromatic Young Helmoholtz Theory

39
Q

Propose we perceive color through the relative rates of responses by three kinds of cones each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths
Short wavelength medium wavelength and long wavelength cone types

A

Young Helmoholtz Theory

40
Q

We perceive color in terms of opposites

A

Red to green
Yellow to blue
White to black

41
Q

Ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

A

Color consistency

42
Q

You perceived differences and brightness when there are none, perception of brightness of object requires comparing it to other objects

A

Brightness consistency

43
Q

The cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area

A

Retinex theory

44
Q

Some people lack one or two of the types of cones

Some people have three kinds of cones but one is abnormal

A

Color vision deficiency

45
Q

most ganglion cells axons go to _____ the part of the thalamus specialized for visual perception

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

46
Q

The reduction of activity and one there I’m by activity in neighboring neurons

Main function is to sharpen contrast to emphasize the borders of objects

A

Lateral inhibition

47
Q

Part of the visual field that excites or inhibits it

each cell the visual system of the brain has one

A

Receptive field

48
Q

Have small cell bodies and small receptive fields located mainly in or near fovia
Well-suited to detect visual details also respond to color

A

Parvocellular neurons

49
Q

Have a larger cell bodies and receptive fields and are distributed evenly throughout the retina
Not color sensitive, respond strongly to moving stimuli and to large overall patterns but not to detail

A

Magnocellular neurons

50
Q

Have small cell bodies but occur throughout the retina

Have several functions and their axons terminate in several locations

A

Konicellular neurons

51
Q

Primary visual cortex

Also known as area V1

A

Located in optical cortex

52
Q

People was damaged Area V1

Blindsight

A

Ability to respond to visual stimuli that they report that not seeing it

53
Q

Has receptive field with six excitatory and inhibitory zones

A

Simple cell

54
Q

Located in areas V1 & V2- does not respond to exact location of the stimulus. responds to pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive fields

A

Complex cells

55
Q

Resembles complex cells but has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar shaped receptive field
Border beyond which the cell ceases fire

A

End stopped cell (hypercomolex)

56
Q

Neurons that indicates the presence of a particular feature

A

Feature detectors

57
Q

Receives information from primary visual cortex, processes is further, and transmit it two additional areas

A

Secondary visual cortex (area V2)

58
Q

Where pathway

Visual path in parietal cortex

A

Dorsal stream

59
Q

What pathway

Collection of visual paths and temporal cortex

A

Ventral stream

60
Q

Inability to recognize objects despite otherwise ssatisfactory vision

A

Visual agnosia

61
Q

Area especially right hemisphere their response strongly to faces much more than to anything else

A

Fusiform gurus of ITC

62
Q

Inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

63
Q

Area V4

A

Color perception

64
Q 
Area MT (V5) 
area MST (medial superior temporal cortex)
A

Motion perception

65
Q

Respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction

A

Area MT

66
Q

Respond best to more complex stimuli expansion contraction or rotation of large visual scene

A

Area MST

67
Q

Activity doesn’t decrease while your eyes are following a moving object

A

Saccades

Physiological Psych (12 decks)

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