8 The Control of Movement

Question 0

Control movement of the body in relation to the environment

Answer 0

Skeletal or striated muscles

Question 1

Controls digestive system and other organs

Answer 1

Smooth muscles

Question 2

Heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles

Answer 2

Cardiac muscles

Question 3

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

Answer 3

Neuromuscular junction

Question 4

Oppose each other
Flexor muscles
Extensor muscles

Answer 4

Antagonistic muscles

Question 5

Produce fast contractions but fatigues rapidly

Answer 5

Fast-twitch fibers

Question 6

Produce less vigorous vibration without fatigue

Answer 6

Slow-twitch fivers

Question 7

Slow twitch fibers are ____ and require oxygen during movement and therefore do not fatigue

Answer 7

Aerobic

Question 8

Does not use oxygen at the time

Fast twitch fibers

Answer 8

Anaerobic

Question 9

Receptor that detects position movement of a part of the body

Answer 9

Proprietor

Question 10

Occurs when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send a message to the spinal cord to contract it

Answer 10

Stretch reflex

Question 11

Receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

Causes contention of the muscle

Answer 11

Muscle spindle

Question 12

Respond to increases in muscle tension

Acts like a “brake” by sending an impudent to the spinal cord

Answer 12

Golgi tendon organs

Question 13

Involuntary, consistent, automatic, responses to stimuli

Answer 13

Reflexes

Question 14

Movements that once initiated, cannot be altered or corrected

Answer 14

Ballistic movement

Question 15

Neural mechanisms in spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

Answer 15

Central pattern generators

Question 16

A fixed sequence of movements

Answer 16

Motor program

Question 17

Put your finger near a baby it will try to grab it

Answer 17

Grasp reflex

Question 18

If you rub the bottom of a baby’s foot it will spread its toes

Answer 18

Babinski reflex

Question 19

If you put your finger on a baby’s cheek it will turn its head toward if

Answer 19

Rooting reflex

Question 20

Keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

Answer 20

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 21

Stores sensory information relevant to a movement and also plans movement according to their probable outcomes

Answer 21

Prefrontal cortex

Question 22

Damage to prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

Can’t plan well, disorganized

Question 23

Most active immediately before a movement. When you intend to move
Received info about a target to which the body is directing it’s movement as well as info about the body’s current position and posture

Answer 23

Premotor cortex

Question 24

Along with the prefrontal cortex, it important for planning and organizing rapid sequence of movement in particular orde

Answer 24

Supplementary motor cortex

Question 25

Active both during preparations for a movement and while watching someone else preform he same or similar movement

Answer 25

Mirror neurons

Question 26

Your motor cortex produces a ____ potential before any voluntary movement

Answer 26

Readiness potential

Question 27

Paths from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Answer 27

Corticospinal tracts

Question 28

Set of amazons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding area and the red nucleus

Answer 28

Lateral corticospinal tract

Question 29

Includes axons from many parts of cerebral cortex

Also includes axons from the midbrain tectum, reticular formation, and the vestibular nucleus

Answer 29

Medial corticospinal tract

Question 30

____ is important for balance and coordination but does so much more

Answer 30

Cerebellum

Question 31

Cerebellum relieves input from spinal cord, from each of the sensory systems by way of the cranial nerve nuclei, and frontage cerebral cortex

Answer 31

Information eventually reaches rife cerebellar cortex

Question 32

Flat cells in sequential planes

Answer 32

Purkinje cells

Question 33

Axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

Answer 33

Parallel fibers

Question 34

The greater the number of excited Purkinje cells, the greater their collective duration of response

Answer 34

Output of Purkinje cells controls the timing of a movement

Question 35

Group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Answer 35

Basal ganglia

Question 36

Input comes to the caudate nucleus and putamen, mostly from the cerebral cortex

Answer 36

Output from the caudate nucleus and putamen goes to the globus pallidus and from there to the thalamus

Question 37

Critical for learning new habits, motor skills, organization, “automatic” behaviors
Driving a car

Answer 37

Basal ganglia

Question 38

Symptoms: Rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements, difficulty initiating physical and mental activity, loss of smell

Answer 38

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 39

Gradual progressive death of neurons
Especially in the substania nigra
Results: increase inhibition of thalamus and therefore decreased excitation of cerebral cortex
Loss of dopamine

Answer 39

Parkinson’s disease

Question 40

Major source of dopamine

Answer 40

Substania nigra

Question 41

Treatment to restore missing dopamine

Answer 41

L- Dopa

Question 42

Motor symptoms usually begin with arm jerks and facial twitches and then spread to other parts of body
Gradually the tremors interfere more and more with walking speech and other voluntary movements

Answer 42

Huntington’s Disease

Question 43

People with up to 35 CAG

Answer 43

Safe

Question 44

36-38 CAG

Answer 44

Probably but not until old age

Question 45

39+ CAG

Answer 45

Likely to get it