15 Mood Disorders Flashcards
mental illness results from the combination of _____________ and ___________
biological predispositions and experieces
absence of _______ is more reliable symptom than increased sadness
happiness
people with 2 short forms of the genes, increasing numbers of stressful experience led to big _______ in probability of depression
increase
2 long forms stressful events ______ increased risk
hardly
link between gene and stress?
no, need more studies
viral infection of farm animals, which produces periods of frantic activity alternating with periods of inactivity
Borna disease
what does Borna disease illustrate
that many different causes can lead to similar behavioral results
types of antidepressants
tricyclics, SSRIs, MAOIs, atypical antidepressnts
operate by blocking transporter proteins that reabsorb, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, into the presynaptic neuron after their release
keeps the neurtransmitter in the postsynaptic neurons
tricyclics
side effects of ______
drowsiness, dry mouth, difficulties with urination, and heart irregularites
tricyclics
similar to tricyclics
produce milder effects than tricyclics but about the same in effectiveness
selective serotonin reuptate inhibitors (SSRIs)
block the enzyme MAO, a presynpatic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms
MAOIs
when MAOIs block enzyme, presynpatic terminal has more of its _____ available fore release
transmitter
block reuptake of serotonin- prolongs presence of serotonin in the ______ cleft, where it continues to stimulate the _______ cell
presynaptic, postsynaptic
inhibits reuptake of dopamine but not serotonin
bupropion (Wellbutrin)
people with depression have approximately ______ levels of release of neurotransmitters
normal
antidepressant drugs produce effects with in hours, but mood elevation does not occur for ____ weeks
two or more
most people with depression have lower than average levels of:
brain derived neurptropic factor (BDNF)
BDNF is important for synaptic plasticity, ______ and _________ of new neurons in hippocampus
learning, and proliferation
most people with depression have _______ than average hippocampus
smaller
T/F BDNF by itself does not automatically elevate mood
true
do antidepressants elevate mood in normal people?
no, only people with depression
effectiveness of antidepressants is
limited
drugs or psychotherapy
dysthymia- long term depression
drugs
drugs or psychotherapy
patients who have suffered abuse, negelect, or other trauma, during early childhood
drugs ineffective
psychotherapy is more likely to have long-term benefits because it
reduced likelihood of a relapse at the end of treatment
electrically induced seizure
electroconvulsive therapy
T/F most people with depression fall asleep but awaken early and are unable to get back to sleep
true
people with depression have ____ than average number of eye movement per minute during REM sleep
more than average
people vary between normality and depression
unipolar depression
people alternate between depression and mania
bipolar depression
characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions
maina
during mania, use of ______increases in brain, during depression it decreases
glucose
people with full blow episodes of mania
Bipolar I disorder
people have milder maniac phases (hypomania), which are characterized mostly by agitation or anxiety
Bipolar II disorder
attention deficits, poor impulse control, impairments of verbal memory are effects of
bipolar disorder
T/F antidepressants drugs are appropriate treatments for bipolar disorder
false, antidepressants drugs are not appropriate treatments for bipolar disorder
common treatment for bipolar disorder:
lithium salts
stabilize mood, preventing relapse into either mania or depression
lithium
decrease the number of glutamate receptors in hippocampus
valproate (Depakene)
excessive ________activity is responsible for some aspects of mania
glutamate
depression that recurs during a particular season
seasonal affective disorder
patients with SAD have phase-______ sleep temperature rhythms
delayed
treatments for SAD
very bright lights for an hour or more a day
behaviors that are present that should be absent
hallucinations
positive symptoms
behaviors that are absent that should be present
negative symptoms
according to Andreason, schizophrenia is result from abnormal interactions between the _____, _______. and _______
cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum
t/f schizophrenia has genetic basis but for not depend on any single gene
true
controls production of dendritic spines and generation of new neurons in the hippocampus
DISCI
hypothesis that schizophrenia is based on abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system
neurodeveolpmental hypothesis
t/f if mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive the baby’s Rh-positive blood factor may trigger an immunological rejection by the mother
true
parasite from cats that can infect humans and can impair brain development and lead to memory disorder, hallucinations, and delusions
toxoplasma gondi
on average people with schizophrenia have ____ than average grey and white matter and ____ than average ventricles
less, larger
strongest deficits in people with schizophrenia found in
left temporal and frontal areas of the cotrex
thalamus is _____ than average in people with schizophrenia
smaller
people with schizophrenia have deficits with
working memory and attention
people with schizophrenia have ______ than normal activity in the left hemisphere
lower
abnormalities are found ______ in development
disorder usually diagnosed after age
early, 20
relieves positive symptoms for most patients
chlorpromazine (thorazine)
drugs that rend to relieve schizophrenia and similar conditions
anti-psychotic or neuroleptic drugs
holds that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapse in certain brain areas
the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
characterized by hallucinations and delusions
results from repeated doses of amphetamine, methamphetamin, cocaine, and LSD
substance-induced psychotic disorder
the problem related in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, especially in prefrontal cortex
glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
in many brain areas, dopamine ______ glutamate release
inhibits
drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their benefits by acting on neurons in the
mesolimbocortical system
set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system
mesolimbocortical system
drugs also block dopamine neurons in the mesotriatal system, which projects to the basal ganglia results in:
involuntary movements and tremors
tardive dyskinesia
schizophrenia is neither a one ____ disorder nor one ______disorder
gene, neurotransmitter
