9 Intro Immunology

Question 1

All leukocytes/immune cells/WBCs are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in _____

Answer 1

Bone marrow

Question 2

_____ cell is a lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune cells

_____ cells and ____ cells are lymphocytes that are adaptive immune cells

Answer 2

Natural Killer

T
B

Question 3

____ cells: Primary job is to kill virally infected and tumor cells. They can also produce ____ for macrophages early in infection. Comprise ___% of leukocytes.

Answer 3

Natural Killer

Cytokines

5-15

Question 4

_____ are phagocytic cells that contain arsenal of lysozyme and antibiotic proteins. ___% of blood leukocytes in humans. First cells to respond to trouble.

Answer 4

Neutrophils

50-75

Question 5

_____ are a type of granulocyte involved in parasitic infections (and allergic reactions, asthma). They induce their function by degranulating and releasing proteins, peroxidase, reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates. ___% of total leukocytes.

Answer 5

Eosinophils

1-5

Question 6

____ release multiple inflammatory mediators (primarily ____); comprise ___% of blood leukocytes.
____ cells are similar and are found in tissues (not blood).
Principal trigger is ____ mediated surface receptor cross-linking. Protective during inflammation but pathological role in allergy.

Answer 6

Basophils
Histamine
0.2

Mast

IgE (antibody)

Question 7

____/____ (in tissue) are phagocytic cells with characteristic large nucleus. Produce chemotactic agents for other leukocytes. Phagocytose microorganisms, particles, tumor cells. Extremely important for ____ presentation and clearance of ____.
___% of blood leukocytes.

Answer 7

Monocytes/Macophages (in tissue)

Antigen

Dead cells/debris

5-10

Question 8

Phagocytic cells primarily responsible for/referred to as professional antigen presenting cells (phagocytose microbes and present peptide antigens to lymphocytes)

Answer 8

Dendritic Cells

Question 9

Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic Cells have an additional important function: production of ______

Answer 9

Cytokines and Chemokines

Question 10

Proteins produced by many different cell types that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions. Principal mediators of communication between cells of the immune response.

Answer 10

Cytokines

Question 11

A large family of structurally homologous, low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from blood to tissues

Answer 11

Chemokines

Question 12

The ____ cell is the principal cell type that links the innate immune response to the adaptive immune response. (____ can do this too)

Answer 12

Dendritic

Macrophages

Question 13

Activation of adaptive immune response requires two things:

Answer 13

• Cytokines producers

- Phagocytic cells (specialized toward antigen presentation)

Question 14

In the periphery (at the site of infection), dendritic cells engulf the microbes (___ immunity). The dendritic cells then migrate to a ____ where they present the antigen on their surface (____ immunity)

Answer 14

Innate

Lymph Node

Adaptive

Question 15

Adaptive immune cells are derived from ____ progenitor cells.

Answer 15

Lymphoid

Question 16

B cells develop in the ____.

T cells develop in the ____.

Answer 16

Bone marrow

Thymus

Question 17

____ are extremely important for adaptive immunity (immunologic specificity, regulation, memory [vaccines]). ___% of blood leukocytes. Produce chemotactic agents to attract other leukocytes; produce cytokines to activate/inactive other leukocytes.

Answer 17

Lymphocytes (B, T, NK cells)

20-50

Question 18

Adaptive immunity is comprised of both a ____ arm and a ____ arm.
Both arms use different mechanisms to attack pathogens.

Answer 18

Humoral

Cell-mediated

Question 19

Humoral immunity is effective against ____.

Cell-mediated immunity is effective against ____.

Answer 19

Exracellular microbes

Intracellular pathogens

Question 20

___ lymphocytes block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes (humoral immunity)

Answer 20

B

Question 21

____ lymphocytes produce cytokines to activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes (cell-mediated immunity)

Answer 21

Helper T

Question 22

____ lymphocytes kill infected cells and eliminated reservoirs of infection (cell-mediated immunity)

Answer 22

Cytotoxic T

Question 23

We tell immune cells apart by using _____ markers.
T cells are also known as ____ cells.
Helper T cells are known as ____ cells.
Cytotoxic T cells are known as ____ cells.

Answer 23

Cluster of Differentiation (CD)

CD3+

CD4+ T cells

CD8+ T cells

Question 24

Any substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system.

Answer 24

Antigen (Ag)

Question 25

An antigen that elicits an immune response

Answer 25

Immunogen

Question 26

Antigen that induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness

Answer 26

Tolerogen

Question 27

An antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

Answer 27

Allergen

Question 28

Antigens generated within the cells of the body as a result of normal metabolism or viral infection (proteins encoded for by genes of viruses, aberrant proteins encoded for by mutated genes-> cancer cells).

Answer 28

Endogenous Antigens

Question 29

Endogenous antigens are presented by APCs to ____ T cells

Answer 29

CD8+

Question 30

____ is an antigen directly entering the body from the environment (inhaled, ingested, injected). Presented by APCs to ___ T cells

Answer 30

Exogenous Antigen

CD4+

Question 31

APC (dendritic cells) travel from site of infection to ____ where they wait for T/B cells to enter for activation of immune system.

Answer 31

Lymph nodes

Question 32

If no antigen is being presented in lymph node, T cells pass through and re-enter circulation. If antigen is present, T cell is _____ prior to exiting and going to infection site.

Answer 32

Activated

Question 33

The Lymph node endothelium is ____ than normal venues to slow down and facilitate interaction between T cells and APCs.

Answer 33

Thicker

Question 34

Naive T cells have a ____ receptor (adhesion molecule) that binds to ____ on endothelial cells for adhesion of T cells to high endothelial venule in lymph node

Answer 34

L-selection

L-selection ligand

Question 35

Activated T cells lose their ____ receptor and gain ____ for initial weak adhesion of activated T cells to cytokines activated endothelium at peripheral site of infection.

Answer 35

L-selectin

E- and P-selectin ligands.

Question 36

Activated (effector and memory) T cells have additional receptors ____ to bind ligands ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 for stable arrest on cytokine activated endothelium at peripheral site of infection.

Answer 36

Integrins (LFA-1 or VLA-4)

Question 37

By about ____ days after an infection the adaptive immune system is fully activated.

Answer 37

7-10

Question 38

Cells of the innate immune response are not antigen specific, but they detect and respond to invading pathogens through ____ that recognize ____

Answer 38

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

Question 39

Four PRR types include:

Answer 39

1. Toll-like receptors
2. N-formyl-methionyl receptors: mediate antimicrobial responses
3. Mannose receptors: initiate phagocytosis of microbes
4. Scavenger receptors: initiate phagocytosis of cellular debris

Question 40

PRR that is highly conserved across species. Recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules (PAMPs).

Answer 40

Toll-Like Receptor

Question 41

Toll-like receptor binding causes recruitment of ____ to trigger ____ to activate ____ which leads to cytokine production/expression.

Answer 41

Adaptor Proteins

Protein Kinases

Transcription Factors

Question 42

T cell cannot be activated by a microbe, it must be activated by a ____.

CD4 T cells recognize Antigen plus ____

CD8 T cells recognize Antigen plus ____

Answer 42

Antigen presenting cell (MHC molecule)

MHCII

MHCI