7.5 Antivirals And Vaccines

Question 1

Block specific steps in virus life cycle. Must be active against virus replications, but not normal cellular function to reduce toxicity

Answer 1

Antivirals

Question 2

Enfuvirtide (HIV) blocks _____ to inhibit membrane fusion

Answer 2

Refolding of gp41

Question 3

Amantadine and rimantadine (influenza) blocks influenza ion channel known as ____, preventing nucleocapsid release

Answer 3

M2

Question 4

Nucleoside analogs are _____ terminators that prevent genome replication

Answer 4

Chain

Question 5

____ was the first antiviral approved for clinical use because of it’s key hurdles of specificity and bioavailability. It is most effective against _____. It is like _____ inhibitors for these infections.

Answer 5

Acyclovir

HSV-1, HSV-2

Nucleoside

Question 6

Antiviral that prevents genome replication. Effective against CMV, more toxic due to interference with cellular kinases.

Answer 6

Ganciclovir

Question 7

Antiviral that prevents genome replication. Activity similar to acyclovir, improved oral bioavailabitiliy

Answer 7

Valganciclovir

Question 8

Prevents genome replication. Herepesvirus treatment, prevents viral polymerase activity; IV administration; toxic

Answer 8

Foscarnet

Question 9

Nucleoside inhibitor of RNA viruses. Many mechanisms

Answer 9

Ribavirin

Question 10

Maturation of progeny viruses often requires ____ of virus polypeptide. Immature progeny are not ____. Example: ____

Answer 10

Cleavage

Infectious

Ritonavir (HIV treatment)

Question 11

Antiviral Challenges:

Answer 11

1. Bioavailability (absorption into body, transport to infection site, intake by cell)
2. Specificity
3. Toxicity

Question 12

Natural antivirals. Discovered by Isaacs and Lindenmann. More effective against RNA viruses than DNA viruses.

Answer 12

Interferons

Question 13

Term vaccination started with ____ with a publication of his findings for smallpox vaccination. Milkmaids who had cowpox were protected against smallpox.

Answer 13

Edward Jenner

Question 14

Practice of inducing immunity to a pathogen.

Answer 14

Vaccination

Question 15

Administering all or part of a pathogenic agent to induce antibodies or cell-mediated immunity.

Answer 15

Active Immunization

Question 16

Administration of exogenously produced antibodies

Answer 16

Passive Immunization

Question 17

Live/Attenuated Vaccine vs Killed Vaccine Pros and Cons

Answer 17

Live: Pros- easy to administer, immunity at infection site, long term (antibody/cell mediated) immunity
Cons- Not safe for immunodeficient people, may revert during replication

Killed: Pros- Safe for immunocompromised, can’t revert
Cons- usually injected, no cell mediated immunity (shorter protection)

Question 18

VAPP (Vaccine-acquired paralytic poliomyelitis) is the result of ____ from live/attenuated vaccines

Answer 18

Reversion

Question 19

Three important immune cell types in vaccination:

Answer 19

1. B cells
2. CD8 T-cells
3. CD4 T-cells

Question 20

Enfuvirtide prevents ____ (process) of ____ (virus)

Amantadine and rimantadine prevent _____ (process) of ____ (virus)

Answer 20

Entry
HIV

Entry
Influenza

Question 21

Acyclovir, Ganciclover, and Valganciclover prevent _____

Answer 21

Genome replication

Question 22

Foscarnet and Ribavirin prevent _____

Answer 22

Genome replication

Question 23

Ritonavir prevents _____

Answer 23

Viral proteases