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D1S Microbiology U2 > 8 Fungi > Flashcards

8 Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotes. Principle decomposers that secrete digestive enzymes (saprophytic)

A

Fungi

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2
Q

Fungi cause disease by inducing a(n) _____ response or through ______

A

Inflammatory

Direct invasion/destruction of tissues (some toxins)

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3
Q

Unicellular fungi, reproduces by budding

A

Yeast

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4
Q

Multicellular fungi, reproduces by spores

A

Molds

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5
Q

Exists as both mold and yeast

A

Dimorphic fungi

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6
Q

Yeast cells reproduce by budding called

A

Blastoconidia

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7
Q

Molds reproduce by two ways:

A
  1. Asexually by conidia that form on tips of growing hyphae

2. Sexual reproduction through spores

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8
Q

Fungi are encountered by 3 ways:

A
  1. Incidental contact in the environment
  2. Normal human flora (commensal organisms)
  3. Contact with infected individual
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9
Q

____ immunity provides great protection to fungal entry. This is because most fungal infections are ____ and ____. Primary barriers are ____ and ____. And ____ compete with fungi to inhibit growth.

A

Innate

Mild
Self-limiting

Skin
Mucosal surfaces

Bacterial normal flora

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10
Q

Fungal defense mechanisms:

A
  1. T cell-mediated immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections
  2. Phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils is primary mechanism for containing fungal infections
  3. Antibodies participate in killing some fungi
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11
Q

Fungal cell membranes consist of ____ which is different from mammalian cells which contain ____

A

Ergosterol

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Infections caused by geographically restricted dimorphic fungi (true pathogens)- cause serious systemic infections in healthy individuals

A

Endemic Mycoses

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13
Q

Cause life-threatening systemic disease in immunosuppressed patients

A

Opportunistic mycoses

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14
Q

Fungal disease of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymphatics

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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15
Q

Common fungal infections limited to skin and skin structures

A

Superficial cutaneous mycoses

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16
Q

____ is Dimorphic soil fungus (endemic mycoses). 90 percent of people in USA infected.

Grows in soil with ____ content fertilized by birds and in caves.

A

Histoplasmosis

High nitrogen

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17
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum in lungs transforms into ____. This is a ______ system infection

A

Yeast phase

Reticuloendothelial (macrophage)

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18
Q

Histoplasmosis disease manifestation depends on the number of _____ inhaled and the _____.

A

Conidia

Host response

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19
Q

Histoplasmosis that causes fever, chills, fatigue, mucous membrane ulcers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, sepsis syndrome

A

Acute Disseminated Histoplasmosis

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20
Q

Histoplasmosis that happens in older adults (death if not treated)

A

Chronic progressive disseminated histoplasmosis

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21
Q

Histoplasmosis Diagnosis and Treatment

A

D- Growth of organisms (definitive but takes weeks); Histopathological analysis

T- self limited in health patient; mild/moderate infections- intraconazole; severe infections- amphotericin B to contain, then intraconazole

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22
Q

Dimorphic fungus/yeast in environment with thick cell wall. Likely source is soil or decaying wood, mostly sporadic cases.

A

Blastomycosis

23
Q

Blastomycosis disease occurs when ____ leading to ____.

____ also commonly occurring dissemination- spread by blood

A

Inhaled into lungs
Pneumonia

Skin lesions

24
Q

Found in desert soil and burrows of desert animals. San Jaquin Valley Fever (prison problem)

A

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

25
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is dimorphic but not ____ dependent.

Mold form (highly infectious) known as ____

In tissues- transform into large ____ filled with endospores

A

Temperature

Arthroconidia

Spherules

26
Q

Coccidioidomycosis Infection Symptoms

A

Most people have no or mild symptoms.

Desert Rheumatism or Valley Fever

Acute Pulmonary Infection

27
Q

Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis can result in this complication

A

Chronic Meningitis

28
Q

Coccidioidomycosis Diagnosis and Treatment:

A

D- Can be cultured; Histopathological analysis possible

T- Itraconazole or Fluconazole, Amphotericin B

29
Q

Only cause disease when host defenses are decreased (not considered a true fungal pathogen)

A

Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens

30
Q

Reproduce by forming buds or blastoconidia. Source- normal flora (yeast). Most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen.

A

Candidiasis

31
Q

Candidiasis dimorphism exception:

A

Mycelial (hyphae) not yeast form found in tissues

32
Q

Candida Albicans:
Most infections are ____ (derived from host’s normal flora). Do not cause infection unless ____ is disrupted or patient is immunocompromised.
____ immunity keeps Candida in check.

A

Endogenous

Normal flora

T-Cell-mediated

33
Q

Low neutrophils condition where candida can spread to many organs (disseminated infections)

A

Neutropenia

34
Q

Candidiasis yeast infection sites:

A

Mucosal

Cutaneous

Systemic Infection

35
Q

All systemic infections candida are ____ and require therapy

A

Life-threatening

36
Q

Candidiasis Diagnosis and Treatment

A

D- Mucosal candidiasis- thrush; Invasive (disseminated) candidiasis- hard to document, germ-tube test

T- Mucosal- topical antifungals;
Systemic- systemic antifungal

37
Q

Environmental yeast (opportunistic infection), expresses a huge polysaccharide capsule in host, found in soil, 20 percent of cases in immunocompetent patients

A

Cryptococcosis

38
Q

In Cryptococcosis, ___ are inhaled into alveoli where they produce _____ (major virulence factor). Most often presents as this symptom _____

A

Yeast

Polysaccharide capsule

Meningitis

39
Q

Cryptococcosis Diagnosis and Treatment

A

D- Easily cultured on agar

T- Meningitis- Amphotericin B and flucytosine; Pulmonary- fluconazole

40
Q

Filamentous fungi (opportunistic infection). Sexual reproduction. Ubiquitous in soil, manure, decomposing vegetation.

A

Aspergillosis

41
Q

Aspergillosis conidia are inhaled and can be killed by ____ and ____.

A

Macrophage

Neutrophils

42
Q

Hyphae invade through blood vessel walls.

A

Angioinvasive Fungus (Asperigillosis infection)

43
Q

Aspergillosis Diagnosis and Treatment

A

D- Tissue biopsy

T- Voriconazole

44
Q

Infection limited to skin (epidermis) and skin structures

Dermatophytes

A

Superficial and cutaneous mycoses

45
Q

Infection that involves skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymphatics.
Sporotrichosis, Mycocytomas, Chromoblastomycosis

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

46
Q

Superficial Mycoses colonizes stratum Corneum by ____ (normal flora).

Patches with greasy scales in scalp (dandruff) known as _____

Hypopigmented/hyperpigmented patches on chest/neck with scaling known as _____

A

Yeast

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Tinea Versicolor

47
Q

Tineas (Tinea capitis/corporis/pedis) are caused by _____

A

Dermatophyte skin infections

48
Q

Dermatophyte

  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
A
  1. Different ecological niches (soil, animals, humans)

2. Innate immunity is high for most people, skin trauma required

49
Q

“Mycoses of implantation”, generally localized, immunocompromised patients.

A

Subcutaneous Mycoses

50
Q

Rose picker’s disease (subcutaneous mycoses) that spread thru lymphatic vessels

A

Sporotrichosis

51
Q

Madura foot (subcutaneous mycoses), chronic infection

A

Mycetoma

52
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses caused by dematiaceous fungi (black fungus); scaly wart-like lesions on feet

A

Chromoblastomycosis

53
Q

Treatment of Fungal infections (two types):

A

Azoles (blocks ergosterol synthesis in cell membrane)- Itraconazole

Polyenes (binds to ergosterol causing disruption of cell membrane)- Amphotericin B

54
Q

Study last slide of lecture and awesome study guide from Palmer

A

Please

D1S Microbiology U2 (13 decks)

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