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HNSS > 9-Histology brainscape > Flashcards

9-Histology brainscape Flashcards

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1= Stratum Basale 2= Stratum Spinosum 3= Stratum Granulosum 4= Stratum Lucidum 5= Stratum Corneum

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Stratum Basale (note Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes)

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8
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Left= Thin Skin Right= Thick Skin

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9
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Melanin granules of stratum spinosum with light coming from top down

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*Note underneath the nail plate is the hyponychium Matrix: part of epidermis responsible for nail formation Bed: Stratum basale & spinosum- physical support for nail plate Eponychium: cuticle, stratum corneum to protect underlying nail matrix from infection

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18
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Sebaceous gland - simple branched acinar gland *Stem cells at bottom

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Screen Shot 2014-03-30 at 3.09.15 PM.png Eccrine Glands

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Clear cells of Eccrine glands - Fluid Transport

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Eccrine Sweat Gland *Duct lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium

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28
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Afferent Nerve Fibers & Sensory Structures of the Skin

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1) Free nerve endings (from Merkel’s Cells) - extend into epidermis 2) Meissners Corpuscles - light touch mechanoreceptors, prominent on thick skin 3) Pacinian Corpuscle- deep pressure & vibrations 4) Krause (bulboid corpuscles) - cutaneous corpuscles

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29
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Albinism

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lack of tyrosinase synthesis or activity

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30
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Apocrine Sweat Glands (Distribution, Structure, Function)

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Distribution: found in axilla & genito-anal region, open directly into hair follicle Structure: simple coiled tubular gland, only dark cells, secrete via eccrine mode Function: unclear

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31
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Arrector Pili Muscle

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oblique smooth muscle innervated by sympathetics —> goose bumps

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Balding

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Conversion of scalp terminal hairs to vellus type- requires genetic background and levels of androgenic hormones

33
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Cells of the Epidermis

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*Keratinocytes (most popular) *Langerhan’s *Merkel cells *Melanocytes

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Derma-Epidermal Junction

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Epidermal ridges interdigitate with dermal papillae creates a Basal Lamina *Basement Membrane formed with laminins, Type IV collagen, fibronectin, and type VII collagen

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Dermatoglyphics

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Finger prints- surface pattern of papillary ridges found only on thick skin

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Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands (Distribution, Structure, Function)

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Distribution: Most numerous, found in most skin Structure: Simple coiled tube with secretory & duct portions Function: hypotonic watery secretion (sweat)

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Eccrine Sweat Gland Cells & Ducts

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Cells: Simple epithelium: 1) Dark cells = mucoid antibacterial secretions 2) Clear cells = secreting sweat for evaporative cooling Ducts: Stratified cuboidal epithelium 1) Excretory Duct: secretion, mainly protein free filtrate 2) Secretory Duct: absorption, mainly Na+ & Cl-

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Function of sweat

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1) Thermoregulation 2) Moistens skin surface 3) Excretion of electrolytes & protein metabolites

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Functions of Epidermis:

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1) Physical/chemical barrier 2) Water proofing 3) Abrasion resistance 4) Genesis of Vitamin D 5) Cytokine production (especially interleukins)

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Functions of the Dermis

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1) Physical support 2) Vascular support 3) Neural receptors 4) Controls epidermis movement

41
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Germinal Matrix

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sits on top of papilla and is responsible for producing keratin that creates the hair

42
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Glands of the Skin

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Sebaceous Eccrine (Merocrine) Apocrine

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Hair Follicle

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Epidermal invagination that extends into the dermal layer of the skin and terminates at the hair bulb (deepest portion)

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Hair Follicle Growth Cycle

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1) Anagen Phase = hair growth 2) Catagen Phase = regression 3) Telogen Phase = Inactivity

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Hair Papilla

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dermal CT which provides blood supply & nerves to hair follicle essential **Very sensitive to chemo

46
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Hypodermis

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superficial fascia= fibro fatty tissue layer below skin, not part of integument. Fat cells, insulation

47
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Keratinocytes

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Produce keratin (form intermediate filaments which anchor to desmosomes) *Attached to one another via desmosomes, and attached to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes

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Keratohyaline Granules

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No membrane, made predominantly of filaggrin, Very basophilic

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Lamellar Granules

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*Membrane Coated *Lipid sheets secreted into intracellular space to form hydrophobic barrier between cells (contains tonofibrils)

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Langerhan’s Cells

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*Dendritic cell found in stratum spinosum *Derived from monocytes and act as antigen presenting cell (APC) in the epidermis

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Layers of epidermis (thick skin)

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1) Stratum Basale (aka stratum Germinativum) 2) Stratum Spinosum 3) Stratum Granulosum 4) Stratum Lucidum 5) Stratum Corneum

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Layers of Integument

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Epidermis Dermis Skin Appendages

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Layers of the dermis

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1) Papillary (attaches to epidermis) 2) Reticular layer (attaches to hypodermis)

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Layers of the Hair Follicle (from external to internal)

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Glassy Membrane (separates follicle from membrane) External Root Sheath (continuous with stratus corneum) Internal Root Sheath (does not extend beyond sebaceous glands) Hair Cuticle/Shaft

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Main types of cancer

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1) Basal cell carcinoma (>75%) 2) Squamous cellc arcinoma (20%) 3) Melanoma (<5%)

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Melanin granules

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dense collection of melanin with no tyrosinase activity

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Melanin Synthesis

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1) Tyrosine –> Melanin using enzyme Tyrosinase 2) Melanin is injected into keratinocytes to create barrier around nucleus and protect it from sunlight: more exposure to sunlight, more melanin that is produced

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Melanocytes

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*Located in stratum Basale *Derived from NC cells and produce Melanin

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Merkel’s Cells

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*Clear cells along stratum basale *Sensor cells, have free nerve endings

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Most serious type of skin cancer?

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Melanoma

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Origin of hair & nails

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skin appendages of the epidermis

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Papillary Layer

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*Loose CT (type III collagen) elastin *Meissner’s Corpuscles - nerve endings, light touches *Capillaries

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Reticular Layer

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*Leather *Dense irregular CT (Type I Collagen) *AV shunts to regulate heat loss & BP *Pacinian Corpuscles *Smooth muscle bundles that insert into hair follicles

64
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Sebaceous Gland (Distribution, structure & Function)

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Distribution: most but not all thin skin Structure: Simple branched acinar gland Function: holocrine secretion of lipid containing cells –> results in sebum, enhanced by androgens and inhibited by estrogens

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Stratum Basale

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single layer of cuboidal stem cells on basement membrane with intense mitotic activity- desmosomes between cells, and hemidesmosomes to the BM

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Stratum Corneum

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*Flat dead cells filled with mature keratin *Continously sloughed off as desmosomes are lost **Thickness of this is the defining difference between thick andthin cells

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Stratum Granulosm

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*Last lyaer of living cells *Layer of flattened cells with no mitotic activity *Numerous Granules: Keraothyaline & Lamellar

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Stratum Lucidum

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*Only in thick skin *Cellular organelles not visible, translucent layer

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Stratum Spinosum

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cuboidal cells with central nuclei and low mitotic activity *Spiny appearance *Tonofibrils here- keratin fibers that extend out of desmosomes to anchor desmosome to the cytoskeleton

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Tanning process

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1) Physiochemical reaction that darkens existing melanin 2) Increase in tyrosinase

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Thick vs Thin Skin

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Thin= covers most of body, contains hair Thick= restricted to volar surfaces of hands & feet, lacks hair, restists frictional forcesThin skin has attenuated layers of Stratums: *Spinosum, granulosum, and corneum) and Absent stratum lucidum

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Types of Hairs

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Lanugo- fine hairs on fetus Vellus- short, ifne, soft non-pigmented, over general body Terminal- long, coarse, pigmented - scalp, eyebrows, pubic

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Types of Melanin

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Eumelanin= black Pheomelanin= red

74
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What accounts for the difference in hair length from region to region?

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Difference in growth rates and cycles (shorter anagen phases)

75
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What factors control race?

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Size, number, and distribution of melanin granules not number of melanocytes

HNSS (17 decks)

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