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PR - Psychology/Sociology > 8.1 > Flashcards

8.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

society

A

Culture + locality

group of people who share a culture, and live interact with each other within a definable area

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2
Q

functionalism

A

sociology - society as LIVING organism with different parts and organs

Durkheim -> dynamic equilibrium

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3
Q

Manifest versus latest function

A

intended versus unintended/less recognizable consequences of a structure

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4
Q

conflict theory

A

inequality in resources, people compete for social, political, and material resources (money, land, power, leisure)

Marx

fails to explain…

  1. non-forceful ways in which groups reach agreement
  2. focuses too much on people who lack power
  3. explains conflict only through economic factors
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5
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

MICRO

individuals society

COMMUNICATION, exchange of information through language/symbols

ex. dress codes, bike lanes

individuals actively change society, rather than acted upon

subjective meanings of objects, events, and behaviors

human interpretation constructs society

  1. MEANING is ascribed to things
  2. LANGUAGE allows humans to generate meaning through social interaction
  3. meanings are modified through THOUGHT processes
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6
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

people in society choose what kind of image they want to communicate verbally and nonverbally to others

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7
Q

social constructionism

A

reality is shaped by social interactions

construction means NOT reality, NOT inherent

ex. marriage, money

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8
Q

social institutions

A

roles, norms, values organized into a stable form that contributes to social order by governing the behavior of people - provides predictability, organization for people -> mediates social behavior

ex. education, family, religions, government, health care systems

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9
Q

social institutions

A

family, education, organized religion, government, economy, medicine

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10
Q

culture

A

shared way of life: beliefs and practices

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11
Q

symbolic culture

A

symbols that convey meaning and recognized by people of the same culture

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12
Q

material culture

A

physical objects particular to a culture

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13
Q

demography

A

study of human population dynamics (size, structure, distribution of populations) - birth, death, and migration

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14
Q

residential segregation

A

separation of groups into different neighborhoods (race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status)

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15
Q

environmental injustice

A

poor people suffer from negative environmental impacts to health and well-being

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16
Q

social stratification

A

categorization by race, education, wealth, and income

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17
Q

meritocracy

A

is never perfect (merit, personal effort, establishes social standing)

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18
Q

social reproduction

A

structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality

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19
Q

cultural capity

A

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility and social capital, social networks allow for upward social mobility

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20
Q

global stratification

A

wealth, economic stability, power of various countries

21
Q

absolute poverty

A

inability to meet bare minimum of basic necessities (water, food, safe housing, health care)

22
Q

Gumplowicz

A

society shaped by WAR and CONQUEST, certain groups become dominant over others

23
Q

Weber

A

expanded on Marx, inequalities include political power and social status

decreased class conflict when, 1. agreement with authority figures, 2. high rates of social mobility, 3. low rates of class difference

24
Q

rational choice theory

A

decisions driven by rational choice

greatest reward, lowest cost

25
Q

social exchange theory

A

assign punishments (costs) and rewards (benefits) to interactions and relationships, we prefer those with the greatest personal benefits – not necessarily economic (hug, smile, frown)

involve an exchange of resources

Minimal costs, maximum benefits

Profit from interaction = rewards of interaction - punishments of the interaction

26
Q

theoretical approaches of society (DRAW TABLE - p. 288)

A

DRAW

27
Q

kinship

A

extended family, community

bilateral descent - maternal and paternal relations

preference: patrilineal, matrilineal

28
Q

how governments derive their powers

A
  1. rational-legal -> legal rules and regulations stipulated in documents
  2. traditional authority -> custom, tradition, accepted practice
  3. charismatic authority -> MLK
29
Q

aristarchic government

A

small group of people with decision-making powers

does NOT involve the public

ex. aristocracies, meritocracies

30
Q

autocratic

A

single person, or selectively small group, with absolute decision-making power

dictatorships, fascist

31
Q

4 categories of economic structures

A
  1. command (planned) - means of production are state-owned
  2. market - supply and demand, MoP are private (ex. laissez-faire, free market economies)
  3. mixed - blend of command and market (public and private ownership) - US
  4. traditional - social customs - bartering and trading
32
Q

Durkheim’s two forms of social solidarity (economic approach)

A

mechanical solidarity -> common beliefs lead to people having fundamental experience. COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE, shared beliefs, morals, and values. (Agricultural societies)

Organic solidarity -> division of labor, each person has a different personal experience

33
Q

medical model

A

physical factors lead to disease – criminality, drug addition, depression

34
Q

social model of disease

A

one’s social class, employment status, neighborhood, exposure to environmental toxins, diet, and other factors affect health

PROXIMATE CAUSE

35
Q

sick role

A

= deviance
Talcott Parsons

the sick person must seek medical care and make a sincere attempt to get well

36
Q

sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

we define the world through language, which shapes how we experience the world

37
Q

cultural diffusion/imperialism

A

social ideas and religious traditions transfering

38
Q

sociocultural evolution

A

questions how human minds have evolved for us to succeed as beings with natural social tendencies

39
Q

positive and preventative checks

A

in Malthusianism, positive checks raise the death rate (plague, disasters, hunger), and preventative check lower the birth rate (means of sustenance are limited)

40
Q

race and ethnicity

A

race - genetic origin

ethnicity - socially defined concept based on social experience or ancestry

both race and ethnicities are SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS (p. 312)

41
Q

demographic interest

A 
dominant groups (not necessarily a majority)
age, gender, race, ethnicity, SO, immigration status
disability, socioeconomic characteristics
42
Q

racial formation perspective

A

Michael Omi and Howard Winat

race is not genetic but constructed through economic, political and social forces, which ascribe social meanings to these categories

race is socially learned

racialization -> ascribing racial or ethnic identities (perceived or real) to groups

43
Q

false consciousness

A

when members of proletariat don’t recognize the state of class relations under capitalism -> overly strong belief in meritocracy and economic rationality

44
Q

social reproduction

A

structure and activities that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality

cultural capital

social capital

45
Q

cultural capital

A

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility (e.g. education)

46
Q

social capital

A

social network allows for social mobility

but also can reinforce inequalities

47
Q

priviledge

A

an unearned benefit

48
Q

intersectionality

A

traits cannot be assessed in isolation

49
Q

3 Ds

A

dirty, dangerous, difficult

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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